Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry

An alkoxide is an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from a hydroxyl group of alcohol when reacted with a metal. It is the conjugate base of alcohol. Alkoxides have the formula RO- where R is the organic substituent from the alcohol. Alkoxides are strong bases and good ligands (when R is relatively small). Generally, alkoxides are unstable in protic solvents, but they do occur as reaction intermediates. Transition metal alkoxides are used as catalysts and to prepare coatings. Key Takeaways: Alkoxide An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Example Sodium reacting with methanol (CH3OH) reacts to form the alkoxide sodium methoxide (CH3NaO). Preparation There are several reactions to alcohol that produce alkoxides. They may be made by reacting an alcohol with a reducing metal (e.g., any of the alkali metals), by reaction with an electrophilic chloride (e.g., titanium tetrachloride), using electrochemistry, or via a metathesis reaction between a sodium alkoxide and a metal chloride. Alkoxide Key Takeaways An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Sources Boyd, Robert Neilson; Morrison, Robert Thornton (1992). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780136436690.Bradley, Don C.; Mehrotra, Ram C.; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.Turova, Nataliya Y.; Turevskaya, Evgeniya P.; Kessler, Vadim G.; Yanovskaya, Maria I. (2002). The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 9780792375210.Williamson, Alexander (1850). Theory of Ætherification. Phil. Mag. 37 (251): 350–356. doi:10.1080/14786445008646627

Describe the Functionalist (Emile Durkheim), Conflict...

Describe the Functionalist, Conflict and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education. Education - A Functionalist Perspective Emile Durkheim proposed an explicitly functionalist explanation of the role of education in society. The major function/task of education was, according to Durkheim, the transmission of society s norms and values. Durkheim considered that all societies must have means of passing on their norms and values to the young. If they did not, they could not continue. Such transmission then is a functional prerequisite, and it is the educational system which has the job of carrying it out. Or at least this is so for modern industrial societies, says Durkheim. (In traditional societies - in pre-industrial†¦show more content†¦Indeed, the school is society in miniature; as such it demands that individuals follow rules of conduct so that the organization / school can continue to function and to carry out its responsibilities. Summary For Durkheim, modern education has two functions: - The MAJOR function is the transmission to the young of cultural norms and values. Here are included all manner of beliefs. - The teaching of skills so as to occupy a position in the modern division of labor. Education - A Conflict Perspective (Marxist) For Marxists, the analysis focuses upon the workings of the CAPITALIST economic system and the degree of conflict within society between social groups, notably between the ruling, capitalist class and the working class. The Education System is seen as a tool by which the working class are kept in their place, in a position of subservience, exploited and oppressed. They maintain that education reproduces the social class structure: or more simply education promotes the interests of a society s power elite and perpetuates a society s class divisions. They say this is accomplished by the Hidden Curriculum - where teachers insist on proper English and good manners from students with prosperous backgrounds because the teacher knows where they are headed. Lower status children are not encouraged to use these skills by the teachers and are destined for low status positions. Therefore they are blocked from higher education. Education - The InteractionistShow MoreRelatedEssay about Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory2741 Words   |  11 Pagesperspectives: the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective. Each perspective offers a variety of explanations about the causes of and possible solutions for social problems (Rubington Weinberg, 1995). Structural-Functionalist Perspective The structural-functionalist perspective is largely based on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to structural-functionalist, society is a systemRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesstudy of social interactions. It is a relatively new academic discipline which evolved in the early 19th century. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide

The Criminal Justice System Is The Law Of The Land

The criminal justice system as a whole can be looked at in numerous ways depending on the sub category you want to approach, whether it be the federal law, law enforcement or correctional programs. In most eyes, the federal law is the law of the land and by that it provides a stable community of rules that everyone must follow with efficiency while providing public safety. With that comes the enforcement of the law, the most common being police. In essence majority of the united states looks at the police in a positive light as they are providing support to the community, controlling crime and making the areas we live at safer on a daily basis. Finally you have the correctional programs which provide imprisonment or probation for those who†¦show more content†¦After a brief introduction, James Comey states the FBI was looking into â€Å"whether classified information was improperly stored or transmitted on [Clinton’s] personal system in violation of the Federal statu te that makes it a felony to mishandle classified information either intentionally or in a grossly negligent way; or a second statute making it a misdemeanor to knowingly remove classified information from appropriate systems or storage facilities.† (Huffington Post ). With this, Hilary Clinton has broken three federal laws including the mishandling of classified information, the violation of the 2009 federal records act and the violation of the freedom of information act (FOIA). Executive Order 13526 and 18 U.S.C Sec. 793(f) of the federal code make it unlawful to send of store classified information on personal email. Casey Harper at The Daily Caller delved into this angle:By using a private email system, Secretary Clinton violated the Federal Records Act and the State Department’s Foreign Affairs Manual regarding records management, and worse, could have left classified and top secret documents vulnerable to cyber attack.This is just one example, where a politician h as broken multiple laws however at the end charges are dismissed and even with such predominant evidence of illegal activity warrants no criminalShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems in Egypt and in the United States Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesJustice System in Egypt and the United States Brian L. Goodman Daymar College Outline Abstract Introduction III. The Legal Systems A. The United States Legal System B. The Egypt Legal System IV. Types of Crimes V. Components of Justice System in the United States VI. Components of Justice System in Egypt VII. Crimes A. United States B. Egypt VIII. Notes IX. References Abstract Justice System in Egypt and the United States are similarRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Big Part Of Why We Have Order1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a big part of why we have order. If there was no criminal justice system and its components that keep it running, the population would run wild. There are three major components of the criminal justice system, the criminal courts, corrections, and law enforcement. These components help uphold the law and protect people from others who do break the law. The world is not perfect, but there have been many examples in real life and in literature and films that show whatRead MoreThe Criminal Justice Systems And The United States1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice systems in Bolivia and the United States have different structures with some similarities. I was born in La Paz Bolivia and we will be taking a look into Bolivia and the U.S’s governmental and criminal justice systems. Bolivia i s a republic with a democratic government. The U.S. also has a democratic government. The Napoleonic code (civil code) and Spanish law compose Bolivia’s legal system, whereas the US is based on common law. The U.S. and Bolivia may have their similaritiesRead MoreThe Round House By Louise Erdrich1352 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans’ land. The unfairness of this injustice led to the erosion of Indians’ rights, which has ultimately threatened their safety, especially women’s. In Louise Erdrich’s novel, The Round House, she indicates that understanding the lack of safety Native women face is vital in maintaining a civil community. Louise Erdrich reveals that physical and psychological safeties are essential aspects of society. Through her book, Erdrich expresses that safety should be a common law amongst societyRead MoreCultural Impacts Of Native American Culture1559 Words   |  7 PagesCulture is intertwined throughout out everything that Native Americans are. Their religion, way of survival, justice system, holistic views, and so much more, comprise their culture. Over the past 200 plus years, Native Americans have been subjected and forced to conform to European derived ideology. This has impacted Native Americans culture from a past, present, and future perspective. These perspectives will be addressed as well as combined into one. Native Americans have always been present throughoutRead MoreAn Impartial Jury On Criminal Prosecutions1694 Words   |  7 Pagesdefendants have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury during criminal prosecutions. Beginning in the mid-19th century, a jury was given the full responsibility to decide on the facts of the case (Sparf and Hansen v. United States), leaving the jury with the authority of determining whether a defendant is guilty or innocent of the charges placed upon him/her and the judge with the authority of determining the law (Lippman, p.279). This juries the jurisdiction of ultimate adjudication withoutRead MoreA Career in Criminal Justice1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthe land that the early Europeans had discovered. Then slowly has the land started industrialized and over populate, the cities had to start creating large paid groups of people to patrol the streets, which soon after were known as police officers. However, it is to be kept in mind that none of the people that were choice to patrol the streets for any trouble that might arise had some to no experience regarding law enforcement or policing. EDUCATION Educational programs in criminal justice areRead MoreAboriginal Customary Law1594 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal law had lasted for hundreds of years before white settlement of Australia in 1788. The laws were based from the Dreamtime and were formed by ancestors, spirits and Aboriginal beliefs. These laws were passed down by a word-of-mouth tradition and as there were many different tribes consisting of many clans spread out over a large area, separate laws were adapted to specific tribes and areas. Aboriginal customary laws were developed and based on the aboriginal relationship to the land as wellRead MoreThe American Justice System858 Words   |  4 Pagesways is the indigenous justice paradigm in conflict with the principles of the traditional, adversarial American criminal justice system? In what ways do the principles of Native American justice complement more mainstream correctional initiatives? Within the Criminal Justice system, comes a structure of both practices as well as organizations that main role is to uphold not only social jurisdiction, but to discourage and diminish criminal activity. The Criminal Justice system also sanctions thoseRead MoreCriminal Justice System The Criminal Justice System is made up of several different process law900 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice System The Criminal Justice System is made up of several different process law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections this system is where the accused individual are tried and punished for the crime they are charged with. The depiction of criminal justice system in throughout each process (police, courts, and correctional) has become ubiquitous on television today. Shows that give a visual of the arresting and investigation process (law enforcement) are the televisions shows

Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations - 3154 Words

Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations: Jeremy Bentham is generally considered the father of Utilitarianism. As a doctrine that seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, Utilitarian thinkers, including Bentham, would approve of any organization or set of practices that have the tendency to do so. The United Nations is such an organization. Bentham firmly believed world governance was possible, at least under his utilitarian system (Pitts 212). â€Å"The community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members,† (Bentham 1823, 586). In this quote Bentham refers to how single communities are merely collections of individuals. Since the distinctions between individuals are arbitrary the only objective grouping of people is to include the entire world population. As Bentham saw borders as imagined, he would approve of the coming together of humanity that the United Nations fosters. With its border-crossi ng initiatives of conflict resolution and humanitarian aid, the United Nations is a source of good in the modern world and one that Bentham would endorse if he were here to do so, albeit with some concerns and recommendations. The United Nations’ primary goal stated in Article One, Section One of the organization’s charter is â€Å"[t]o maintain international peace and security†. So far as the United Nations achieves this goal, Bentham would be in complete approval as war and conflict are great causes of humanShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Liberty?1383 Words   |  6 Pagestwo parallel thoughts that ultimately lead to the same rhetoric. But, they are complete rivals politically, and philosophically. Within the two aspects you have several different philosophers and their contrasting views that follow. From Locke to Bentham and Mill these philosophers explain that there are many interpretations of what liberty is, and could be. When looking at history in retrospect the word liberty can almost be pinned to every event in some fashion. But, before you can understandRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal Punishment2176 Words   |  9 Pagesof these in China (1076), Iran (165), Saudi Arabia (103), and then the United States (98)† (NAAS, 43). The death penalty is currently an intense debate involving the idea of whether or not we as people should be able to sentence another person to death. According to the ethical and moral reasoning of the philosophers Jeremy Bentham, Peter Singer, and Hugo Bedau, the death penalty should not be a legal punishment. Jeremy Bentham lived from 1748-1832 and during his lifetime addressed the death penaltyRead MoreEssay on Varying Ideas on What Makes a Just Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesthe government controls fairly and appropriately. The two main positions that philosophers believe are resources in society should be distributed to obtain common good and live life as long as you do not infringe on others. The laws and rules the United States government currently has in place today often originate from these philosophers ideas and work to maintain a just society. The definition of a just society can be described as a society with equality and solidarity where everyone is treatedRead MoreUtilitarianism in Government1653 Words   |  7 Pagespromote happiness, wrong as it tends to diminish it, for the party whose interests are in question† (Bentham, 1780). To discover what we should do in a given situation, we identify the various courses of action that we could take, then determine any f oreseeable benefits and harms to all affected by the ramifications of our decision. In fact, some of the early pioneers of utilitarianism, such as Bentham and Mill, campaigned for equality in terms of womens suffrage, decriminalization of homosexualityRead MoreThe Privacy Of An Individual1700 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical theorist Jeremy Bentham once idealized a theory pertaining to an effective and democratic form of government, declaring that, â€Å"it is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.† The privacy of an individual is at its most a fundamental right to which one is entitled. Furthermore, the infringement of an individual’s privacy is rarely justified to any extent, even under circumstances with the purpose of protecting a nation because it deprivesRead MoreEssay about International Laws766 Words   |  4 PagesFirst coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognize d as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developingRead MoreZafiya Shamim UU2001547 Words   |  7 Pageshaving an extramarital affair to name a few. These expressions try to defend adultery as being guilt-free. However, some social conservatives are fighting for what they view as a serious article of faith for example criminal adultery laws. In the United States of America, in the 2010, people were still being prosecuted for breaching their marital vows. The laws were some of the last remnants of their puritanical past, in which adultery was treated as a criminal matter and not only a marital affairRead MoreProblem of Animal Abuse1017 Words   |  5 PagesPeople make cats blind, castrate them and pulverize their sense of smell. They cut their sexual organ’s nerves in order to check how they acquit in the sexual aspect. †¢ The animals vocal cords have been annihilate so they cannot scream. †¢ Just in the United States, 64,000,000 of these animals die annually in medical experiments. Do animals feel pain? Can other animals feel what humans do, which characteristics about pain we share? However, it is clear that animals and humans have resemblance, specificallyRead MoreIn Vitro Meat1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthey think of the sad commercials, or peta. Well there is more to it than that. There are tens of thousands of animal rights activists and organizations around the world, though relatively few are major players. Why is this? Why is it that we as a nation, heck even as a community will stand up for everything and anything except animals? They have feelings too, even if they can not show them like humans can, they still have them. They love, they mourn the loss of the ones they have known for a longRead MoreThe War Of The Golden Stool887 Words   |  4 Pagescountries at the time such as the start of the United States could revolt over a superpower like Great Britain. This important to understand because of the transition of power that we may see in our near future. As China starts to rise through the ladder of power and influence, this may bring a major challen ger to the field. By rising pass the United States, it is a possibility that China could fill the role of the next hegemonic nation. Even though the United States seems to have a firm grasp on the

Immigration Reformation Free Essays

Mexico’s immigration policies comprise single, streamlined laws that ensure that foreign visitors and immigrants are regimented. For a better picture, these include stern rules that these immigrants are in the country legally, that they are able to sustain themselves economically, that they do not become burdens to the society, that they are of good character and have no criminal records, and are contributors to the general wellbeing of the nation. In fact, immigration authorities compile records of each foreign visitor and assure that these visitors do not violate their visa status. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Reformation or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also banned from meddling with internal politics and those who violate the terms of their entry and who enter under false pretenses are imprisoned or deported (Lillpop). Indeed, the Mexican constitution strictly defines the rights of its citizens and as one may put it, the denial of may fundamental rights to non-citizens, legal or illegal. Though its law makes perfect sense, Mexico is pushing the United States to water down the latter’s immigration rules, when, in the first place, its own immigration restrictions are the toughest in the continent. However, also looking at Mexico’s points, El Paso asks the US government to stop raids and dividing American families insisting, â€Å"We are not the Enemy, We are Part of the Solution† (Garcia Camargo). The rally down in El Paso has emphasized the need for new immigration policies that provide means for immigrants residing in the United States to attain permanent residency. Some say Mexican leaders demanding from the United States immigration laws, which contradict its own. Some even say the agenda of Mexico for such demand is clear: to have a one-way immigration relationship with the United States. However, looking at a broader perspective, I believe Mexico only wants to impose stern rules with regards to foreigners to protect its citizens and the well being of its nations. United States, on the other hand, are trying to impose the same, now with opposition from the Mexicans. Who are directly affected here are those Southerners who live in US soil and vice versa. To avoid stepping on each other’s flags and more importantly to avoid misunderstanding between the neighboring countries, each much provide room for adjustments and meet halfway so as to grant the its citizens, foreign or not, just and humane rights even if they live in a soil foreign to their true nation. Works Cited Lillpop, John. â€Å"Immigration Reform? Lets Try Mexico’s Immigration Law. † 27 February 2007. Canada Free Press. 19 October 2007. http://www. canadafreepress. com/2007/lillpop022707. htm. Garcia, Fernando Camargo, Betty. â€Å"El Paso and Southern New Mexico Communities March and Rally for Just, Humane and Comprehensive Immigration Reform NOW! †. 6 April 2007. Border Network and Human Rights. 19 October 2007. http://www. bnhr. org/. How to cite Immigration Reformation, Papers

Management Accounting Business Responsebility Centers

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Business Responsebility Centers. Answer: Introduction A significant aspect of decentralised companies is responsibility centres. These centres are analysed on the grounds of different accounting figures like ROI, standard cost or divisional profit. One purpose of the management accounting mechanism is hence to tie a dollar value to transactions amidst various responsibility centres. Transfer price fits here as it is the price charged by companys one division from the other for the goods transferred to the latter (Holtzman and Nagel, 2014). The present report discusses transfer pricing, its different types and its use at length. Part A Transfer Pricing Defined In its essence, transfer pricing is a model of selling a product from one business unit or division of an organisation to other. Transfer price is basically the value charged for intra-company goods that the organisationalgroups purchase from one another. Coordinating the management of both the buying and selling decision is one of the primary purposes of transfer pricing. It is not essential that any money changes hands between the concerned segments (Schuster, 2015). The transfer price may just be utilised for the purpose of internal record keeping. It is revenue for the centre selling the products and expense for the one buying the products. The product which is transferred can be categorised on two measures. The first on is whether or not the product has a readily available outer market price. The second is whether or not the buying segment will sell it in the same form or will it turn into an input for the marketing divisions own manufacturing process (Ceteris, 2010). Purpose of Using Transfer pricing The below-mentioned reasons are the primaryobjectives of establishing transfer pricing scheme Yield separate revenue figures for every business unit and hence analyse the performance of every unit separately (Fernandes, Pinho and Gouveia, 2015). Assist in the synchronisation of manufacturing, pricing and sales decisions of the distinct business units. Through transfer prices, managers become aware of the value that their services and products carry for other divisions of the entity (OECD, 2009). It enables the firm to produce profit or cost data for every segment separately. Transfer price not only impacts the recognised profit for every division but also influences resource allocation. When transnational corporations move goods across international boundaries, transfer rates are appropriate in the computation of income taxes and are at times pertinent to legislative issues and global trade (Wittendorff, 2010). Different Types of Transfer Price Transfer at cost Entities employing transfer at cost method acknowledge that sales by global associates add to business profitability by yielding economies of scale in local manufacturing systems. This pricing method enables minimum duties. The firms making use of this approach do not expect a profit on transfer sale; instead, their expectation is related to their partner generating revenues by eventual sale (Drury, 2008). This transfer pricing method is used because companies presume that low costs will result in better performance of the partner, which eventually profits the whole company. Cost-plus pricing Organizations adopting the cost-plus pricing system believe in showing the profit accruing from any service or product at each stage of its movement through the company and its subsidiaries, business units or affiliates. This approach may lead to a price which may not be competitive or related to the demand in global markets. This is a widely used method because the management needs a projection of the long run marginal cost to make decisions (Chand, 2015). Market-based price This is obtained from the priceneeded to stay competitive in the global marketplace. This limitation in this method is cost. Nonetheless, there exists a significant amount of difference in the way cost is characterised. As with volume, cost usually reduces, a choice needs to be made between existing or planned levels of volume as the basis of pricing (Bakker, 2009). For employing this approach to penetrate a market which is very small with the intention of supporting local production, third nation sourcing might be needed. This allows the organisation to set up its franchise or name without having to invest in a physical set up. This is also suitable for a perfect market, where the products are homogeneous with the same price for both buyers and seller and no selling or purchasing costs. Adopting market-based transfer pricing in such a market matches the standards of a sound transfer price i.e. it will preserve divisional independence, will endorse consistent goal decisions and offer a consistent basis to evaluate performance (Muhammadi, Ahmed and Habib, 2016). Negotiated Transfer PricingIn this case, the company does not outline the rules for determining the transfer price. Business unit managers are motivated to negotiate a reciprocally satisfying transfer price. This approach is basically merged with free sourcing. However, in certain organisations, the head office holds the right to arbitrate the process of negotiation and enforce an adjudicated solution (Drury, 2008). In a market which is imperfect, transfer prices established at the planned or current market price do not tend to be the most favourable. In such situations, it is suitable to follow the negotiated approach. In cases of unused capacity, the range of transfer price negotiation usually falls between the maximum rate the buying segment is ready to pay and the minimum price at which the selling division is ready to sell (Rossing and Rohde, 2014). Part 2. (a) Transfer prices are based on total actual cost and not appropriated as the basis for divisional performance measurement because: As it do not leads to an optimal decision for the company. It provides small amount of incentive for sales department to control manufacturing costs as all the cost incurred will be recovered. (b) Calculation of contribution margin Data available: Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Transfer price from cleaning and scrapping 0 77 Direct Material 18 5 Direct Labour 12 10 Manufacturing Overhead 40 25 Total direct cost 70 117 Calculation of variable manufacturing overhead Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Total Manufacturing Overhead 40 25 75% variable in cleaning scrapping dept. 30 40% variable in processing division 10 Calculation of total variable cost Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Transfer price 77 Direct Material 18 5 Direct Labor 12 10 Variable Manufacturing Overhead 30 10 Variable Selling cost 5 0 Total variable cost 65 102 Calculation of selling price Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Price at which it can be sold in open market 95 160 Total selling price 95 160 Formula for contribution margin = Selling Price Product variable cost Selling Price Contribution Ratio Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Selling Price 100 160 Variable Cost 65 102 Contribution Margin 35 36.25 (c) Calculation of price range Normal markup per unit Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Variable cost per unit 60 102 Fixed Overhead per unit 10 15 Variable selling cost 5 0 Total cost 75 117 Normal markup per unit 20 43 Market price per unit 95 160 Production capacity 400000 400000 Price range for cleaning and scrapping division As per the economic transfer pricing rule the minimum price is the marginal cost and the maximum price is fixed by the receiving department. $65 - $ 95 Price range for processing division As explained above regarding the rule of economic transfer pricing the minimum price will be calculated and the maximum price will include margin also. $75 - $160 (d) As the division is having an opportunity to sell goods externally instead of selling it to other department. The minimum transfer price would be cost plus their profit margin. In present case the normal profit markup is 10% of the cost. Calculation of lowest transfer price acceptable to cleansing scrapping division according to general transfer pricing rule Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Variable cost per unit 60 Fixed Overhead per unit 10 Variable selling cost 5 Total cost 75 Normal markup per unit 7.5 Market price per unit 95 Production capacity 400000 The selling variable cost will be included in case the goods are to be sold externally and not while selling goods to another division; as no selling variable cost is paid in that case. Conclusion In vertically integrated firms, there are mainly two segments, a manufacturing and a buying division. In such companies, there is a regular exchange of goods and services among their departments to facilitate business operations. Transfer pricing is hence, the internal prices of goods developed with two main purposes: coordination (to arrive at decisions most appropriate for the business), and profit allocation (for assessing segment profits and to measure performance. The paper also discussed the different types of transfer prices (Lin and Chang, 2010.). From the different types of transfer pricing techniques, the cost based approach is the most widely used and is followed by the market-based approach. Transfer pricing also becomes suitable in respect of legislative issues such as global trade disputes etc. References Bakker, A., 2009. Transfer Pricing and Business Restructurings: Streamlining All the Way. IBFD. Ceteris., 2010. Guide to International Transfer Pricing: Law, Tax Planning and Compliance Strategies. Kluwer Law International. Chand, S., 2015. 5 Types of Transfer Pricing Methods used in International Marketing. [Online]. Available through:https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/product-pricing/5-most-important-types-of-transfer-pricing-methods-used-in-international-marketing/5820/. [Accessed on 16th September 2016]. Drury, C., 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Fernandes, R., Pinho, C. and Gouveia, B., 2015. Supply chain networks design and transfer-pricing. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 26(1), pp.128 146. Holtzman, Y. and Nagel, P., 2014. An introduction to transfer pricing.Journal of Management Development, 33(1), pp.57 61. Lin, C. and Chang, H., 2010. Motives of transfer pricing strategies systemic analysis. Industrial Management Data Systems, 110(8), pp.1215 1233. Muhammadi, H. A., Ahmed, Z. and Habib, A., 2016. Multinational transfer pricing of intangible assets: Indonesian tax auditors perspectives. Asian Review of Accounting, 24(3), pp.313 337. OECD., 2009. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2009. OECD Publishing. Rossing, P. C. and Rohde, C., 2014. Transfer pricing: aligning the research agenda to organizational reality. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change. 10(3), pp.266 287. Schuster, P., 2015. Transfer Prices and Management Accounting. Springer Briefs in Accounting, 10. Wittendorff, J., 2010. Transfer Pricing and the Arm's Length Principle in International Tax Law. Kluwer Law International.

Moms free essay sample

Moms: They can be a tad bit annoying at times, but even more when they think they know everything. Mine volunteered me for a job interview at the local Sonic. After telling her I was hired, she referred to it as â€Å"fantastic,† then called me â€Å"cute† the entire five-minute ride for my first day of work. Cute? No—bunnies are cute. What did I need a job for, anyway? I babysat almost once every week—sometimes twice—and made anywhere from one to two hundred dollars per month. At the time, I was being home schooled. During the day I would do my schoolwork, chores, and have free time to myself. I needed to focus on school—not a job. Luckily, working helped me pay for Lola, my baby guinea pig—also known as a â€Å"pup†Ã¢â‚¬â€who was practically everything to me at the time. Every other month I bathed her with guinea pig shampoo and conditioner, towel-dried her fur with her light blue hand towel, then I used a hair dryer to dry her fur more to prevent her from catching pneumonia. We will write a custom essay sample on Moms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides the hygiene items, Lola had a large rodent cage, pine wood chips, Premium Guinea Pig food containing daily servings of vitamins, proteins, and fiber, a food bowl, a guinea pig brush, a pillow to either chew or lay on, and since she was potty trained: a restroom. Because I had bought her with my own money from babysitting and such, and I fought so much to have her, I had to pay for anything and everything she needed. The â€Å"family† guinea pig, Patches, was also my responsibility, which meant the money spent on Lola was doubled. On average, I was spending approximately one hundred dollars monthly. In May, the expenses finally evened out. Another twenty dollars was spent, only this time, it was on a light brown and white long-haired guinea pig in which I named Hannah. Instead of them being doubled, the expenses were now tripled. Working at Sonic, as well as tending to the three guineas daily became a great hassle. It seemed as if I hadn’t any free time to myself—especially for schoolwork. As time passed by, it turned fragile: Lola was pregnant. My four year old brother, Christopher, had put Patches into her cage while my mom and I were in Mesquite. Pregnancy meant more money. I wanted to go shopping and by things for me, since I had spent so much on them already. Now, Lola needed vitamin C three times a day instead of just once or twice, and she needed to be watched as much as possible. Then again, Lola was my baby; I had raised her since she was only a few weeks old. Time progressed. Summer began. June went by quickly. Lola grew into an eggplant shape. Her due date was getting closer. Unfortunately, I was on vacation from the last week of June to the second Sunday of July. Since I went with Jason and Amber, the people I babysat for, not only did I get a free vacation, but I earned three hundred dollars for babysitting. After my return home, I quit Sonic. I still had money, and I still had my babysitting job. Public school would be starting up again soon since Summer Break was over, and I was planning on going back. In early August, I gave my guinea pigs away to a lady who raises and breeds rodents to allow me to focus on school again. Even though I miss them, when I look through pictures or think of when I took care of them, I think of how they’re in a much better place. Perhaps they were the purpose of my getting a job. Taking care of them made me realize that everything in life has a price, no matter what it is, even if it’s yours. Having a real job and working to earn my own money taught me responsibility, along with taking care of the guineas. For once, I stood on my own two feet, and, for once, I was living in reality.