Augustine, Lucretius and the Dispute of Free Will - 851 Words

Augustine and Lucretius and the Dispute of Free Will Augustine: Hello Lucretius. Lucretius: Hello Augustine. Augustine: What brings you to these parts? Lucretius: I just wanted to update my findings on the philosophy of Epicureanism and also the theory of free will. Augustine: Free will, you say? Lucretius: Yes free will. Do you have any idea of what free will is? Augustine: Why yes I do, for it is a will by which we seek to live a good and upright life and to attain unto perfect wisdom. Lucretius: Exactly. Augustine: Are you familiar of how one is able to attain free will Lucretius? Lucretius: We obtain free by the collision of atoms which will then create a swerve. However it is very important to know how the atoms move and there is a total of three movements. Augustine: Then tell me these three different movements. Lucretius: The three atomic motions are, downward fall of atoms, collision, and swerve. Augustine: How are these three movements distinct from one another? Lucretius: The downward fall of atoms just fall at a regular speed and follow within the same direction, collision is when they become fused into the elementary building blocks which give rise to matter and life ‘being driven into closer union and held there by the entanglement of their Interlocking shapes, and one of the most important motions, swerve, is the spontaneous and infinitesimally small change of direction in the course of an atom’s downward fall. Augustine: What makes swerve so important?

Obesity Becoming A Public Concern - 1654 Words

Executive Summary Obesity has become an epidemic in American societies that has become a public concern. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), overweight and obesity rates are higher than ever in America’s youth. Obesity is the fastest growing cause of disease in American society today. Some of the major health concerns for today’s youth with obesity include severe asthma, Diabetes, Hypertension, orthopedic complications and sleep apnea. Researchers have come up with many different causes of obesity including biological cause, psychological causes, and sociological causes. Although they have been able to come up with these causes one of the most blamed causes of obesity is the food industry. Medical researchers and other professionals have been able to produce a variety of solutions to treat and prevent obesity including Gastric bypass surgery that is available at the age of eighteen. With all the solutions present, without changing the attitudes and lifestyles of the pa rents who are buying the food for the children the epidemic will continue. Obesity is a complex health issue that has become a dangerous problem in today’s youth. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), overweight and obesity rates are higher than ever in America’s youth. Obesity is defined as the presence of excess adipose tissue. To be considered obese, professionals use the Body Mass index (BMI) as the main source of measurement and other measurements to seeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Public School Health Care558 Words   |  3 PagesThe public school system offers several different types of health care services to students concerning issues that are a problem in 21st century schools. Two of the top concerns in public school health care concern the on topics of reproduction and obesity. With over 50 million students attending public schools, it is important to recognize and understand that school systems have a responsibility to provide health care education and services that will educate and hopefully improve the health ofRe ad MoreObesity in America Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesa long time, obesity has been one of the notable health concerns that America has struggled with during the last five decades .Obesity as a health concern is not limited to America alone, it is a serious concern among other affluent societies like European countries. A considerable number of Americans spend a significant amount of money trying to lose weight. Obesity become an important focus in the news items during the year 2002.According to research findings, the rate of obesity among the AmericanRead MoreComparing Views: Reasons behind the Obesity Problem Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesI Mrs. Zewe 20 October, 2010 Obesity: To Be or Not To Be? One of the most controversial debates of this generation is on who is the blame for the obesity epidemic. More specifically, who is responsible for obesity: the individual who is obese or the government and fast food corporations? In Radley Balkos essay What You Eat Is Your Business and in David Zinczenkos essay Dont Blame the Eater, the main ideas that are presented both reflect upon obesity and personal responsibility. TheRead MoreEpidemiology : Epidemiology And Epidemiology Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased likelihood of becoming obese.1 C-section is a procedure used during high-risk pregnancies. This method of delivery is an option; however, it may be associated with negative health outcomes. The news story sheds light on the findings and illustrates a 15% increased likelihood of a child becoming obese when born by C-section instead of vaginal delivery.1 The heightened risk was primarily significant amongst siblings. The findings depict a 64% increased likelihood of beco ming obese when born byRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Obesity And Obesity1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in populations worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) estimated that 400 million adults were considered obese worldwide and is projected to double by the year 2015. Traditionally, obesity is associated with high caloric intake and lower levels of physical activity in high income Western countries. However, low and middle income countries are increasingly becoming obese and becoming a major public health concern in regards to qualityRead MoreObesity : What Is Eating Me?1218 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity: What is Eating Me? Jonathan Griffin Introduction to Sociology Instructor: Beth Stewart March 06, 2017 Obesity in this country has reached epidemic proportions. The physical, emotional, and socio-economic effects of obesity make it a concern, because it links us to many of the maladies that are killing us. Obesity is a symptom of a more important issue, the manipulation of our food source. We have reached the point in this country where eating a balanced diet does notRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Major Health Issue1731 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Childhood obesity is a major health issue nationwide and globally. This has been going on for many years and childhood obesity has increased tremendously. The main problem is the difference between calorie ingestion and calories consumed. Other influences (hereditary, developmental, and environmental) can also affect obese children. Physical, emotional, and public health issues causes pain and suffering for many children. The process of obesity growth is not completely understoodRead MoreShould Not Be A Social Norm?1380 Words   |  6 PagesShould not being obesity How many obese individuals do you see a day on the street? How do you think if overweight consider be a petty group as our future social norm? There are many serious health issues in our society. Today, obesity is one of the most popular diseases in America. Being overweight is usually a warning sign that people could be on their way to becoming obesity. According to Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention report, the most recent national data shows moreRead MoreThe Public Needs to Know: Dietary Changes to School Meals1088 Words   |  4 PagesThe Public Needs to Know: Dietary Changes to School Meals Children today are in much greater danger of health issues related to poor nutrition and diet than seen in previous generations. As children continue to face the dangers of issues like obesity, more and more programs are aiming to address the issue with effectiveness. It is clear that something needs to be done in regards to helping improve the nutritional intake of school in the state and across the country. Changes to breakfast and lunchRead MoreU.s School Food Regulation For Public Schools Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican public schools have poor nutrition, and it causes obesity in teenagers. As a former student of the American public school systems, the condition of the food has been a problem for years. Over the past two decades, obesity has been an issue in the U.S, and it is due to poor school nutrition. The public schools lack a variation in the healthy meals they contain. Inadequate nutrition can lead to an abundance of health problems. Although spending money on foo d can be expensive, the government

Role of CDER

Question: Describe about the Role of CDER? Answer: Introduction: CDERs mission is to promote and protect public health to ensure the usage of drugs is safe and effective according to their intended use. CDER also ensure the availability of the drugs to the patients and they must match the quality standards. CDER is a part of U.S Food and drug administration (FDA). Including generic drugs and biological therapeutics, CDER do prescription on drugs and also regulates over-the-counter. CDER regulates various other things as well other than medicine. For example, sunscreens and dandruff shampoos that can be considered as drugs and others as well like fluoride toothpaste and antiperspirants. CDERs basic business model: CDERs mission can be described in terms of three long-term objectives for human drugs, which are identified in Strategic priorities given by FDA (2013-2017). CDERs mission is to Make promotion on public health to ensure the availability of effective and safe drugs. Protection of the public health by promoting the safe usage of marketed drugs. The protection of the health of the public by ensuring the integrity and quality of the products that are marketed. All these long term objectives do implementation on FDA responsibilities for human drugs, as specified in the act upon Food Drug and Cosmetic (CDER issues guidance against use of certain phthalates, 2012). CDER intensely pursue the objectives and fundamental goals, such as- CDER conducts science based premarket review so that it can ensure the drugs can be marketed to the public are effective and safe. CDER do identification and development of the new scientific models, methods and tools to improve the safety, quality, efficiency and predictability of new drug development. CDER also do promotion of health and patient awareness about drug benefits and the associated risk through effective communication on drug information. CDER conduct the post-market surveillance to detect new safety signal at early stage. CDER provide promotion of safe of use of the drug. CDER ensure the security of the global supply chain to ensure the drug integrity. CDER ensures that the distribution and manufacturing of drugs with a better quality standard. Improve the drug quality and its capacity through the extended use of risk-based methods. CDER do the promotion to increase awareness of public and stakeholder about the drug integrity and quality through the effective consumer communication(Highlights of US CDER drug safety activity in 2003, 2004). CDERs operating model: Science: Science includes portfolio for management and development of a regulatory research to maximize the return on investment of applied research, so that the inherent uncertainties in manufacturing and development can be reduced. Policy: Policies include the development of the CDER guidance and regulations related to the three core areas- committing and drafting on legislation, leading the response and analysis to the citizen petitions and making other coordination policies with other international and federal policy- making bodies and other FDA offices (Jacobs and Brown, 2015). Planning: Planning includes the trend analysis, which affects the resource requirements and CDER mission, program plan development and performance metrics, implementation done on the identified program initiative, program performance evaluation and conduct operation analysis. Management: Management includes systems and its processes for hiring, training, paying, assessing and retention staff. Administrative management tasks include formulation of center budget, execution and requests on budget, requirements on planning facility and addressing associated issues with the current facility operations. Information management/Information Technology: It includes developments of the infrastructure, standards, process and tools to enable full e-regulatory oversight throughput drug life cycle. This area includes implementation and development of long-range plans to manage information, including a process of co-evolving business operation and enable informatics (Lu, 2007). Communication: Communication includes the set of collected information, based on which outside stake holders need to know and want to know about the safe use of human drugs and related information about them. This activity also looks for the FDAs activity of protecting public health and also to help in product innovation and the advance drug development program. Range of activities include public roll-out of the information on newly taken CDER regulatory initiatives and also make use of other information and full range of media and other information channel to enable relevant and good understanding of human drug issues(Schwieterman, 2006). Conclusion: With all the above discussion it is recognized that the health professional, consumers, patients and most importantly external stake holder play a critical role in CDERs effort to achieve mission and vision to set up awareness of healthy usage of drugs. CDRE helps to give shape to the management and implement programs that leverage the FDA efforts and ultimately it is improving public health. References CDER issues guidance against use of certain phthalates. (2012). Reactions Weekly, 1432(1), pp.2-2. CDER proposes changes to improve safety of compounding. (2013). Reactions Weekly, 1454(1), pp.4-4. Comments from the Survey by CDERCBER Scientists. (2006). Oncology Times, 28(16), p.12. Hastings, K. (2002). Implications of the new FDA/CDER immunotoxicology guidance for drugs. International Immunopharmacology, 2(11), pp.1613-1618. Highlights of US CDER drug safety activity in 2003. (2004). Reactions Weekly, NA;(1005), p.3. Woodcock, J. (2014). Paving the critical path of drug development: the CDER perspective. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 13(11), pp.783-784.

Managerial Communication Breakdown

Abstract The following paper is an interview with a manager at a multinational retail firm. The interviewee’s official title is divisional vice president of human resources. The managerial climate of the firm at the time of the interview can be categorized as turbulent – senior management underwent a major shift the week before, and two days before the interview the CEO stepped down and a new CEO addressed the senior managers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Managerial Communication Breakdown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm itself loses money each quarter; the financial climate therefore remains uncertain, and many people fear lay-offs and downsizing. Keywords: business communication, managerial communication, breakdown, strategies Managerial Communication Breakdown Introduction The following paper includes elements from an interview with a senior manager at a multinational retail firm. The interviewee’s official title is divisional vice president of human resources. The managerial climate of the firm at the time of the interview can be categorized as turbulent and stressful; senior management underwent a major shift the week before, and two days before the interview the CEO stepped down and a new CEO addressed the senior managers at a breakfast meeting. No warning occurred prior to the CEO’s transition, and many senior managers experienced trepidation at the swiftness and secrecy surrounding the CEO’s exit. The feeling in the company, according to the interviewee, was â€Å"it’s a bad omen† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). The firm itself loses money each quarter; the financial climate therefore remains uncertain, and many people fear lay-offs and downsizing. Breakdowns in Internal Politics As explained above, the current climate of the retail company is beset with anxiety. According to the interviewee, à ¢â‚¬Å"everyone is afraid. No one knows what is going on, since in recent weeks the C-suite has been like a revolving door. We’ve had hires and fires going on at a blistering pace, and since just about everyone in senior management is now new, the ones who didn’t leave in the first round are wondering when the axe will fall on them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communication wise this has created an atmosphere of mistrust; the internal politics can be summed up in three words: Trust no one. I also have the feeling that everyone is updating their resume and looking for a new job – there’s a real sense that the rats are fleeing the Titanic. As a result no one is really focusing on the work at hand, which is to pull the company out of the lion’s mouth. Communication about the business itself is almost an afterthought. Everybody i s just trying to find out what’s going on and if they will have a job next week† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). The dearth of trust in the organization described herein speaks to what Casey, Miller Johnson (1997) call â€Å"information deprivation†¦ information deprivation will motivate survivors to engage in strategic information-seeking behaviors. Survivors may seek to confirm rumors that the downsizing is only the first in a series of RIFs or ascertain if the organization is stable with a leaner staff. Information-seeking strategies are deliberate, conscious efforts to obtain information that vary in accordance to their overtness and the degree of specificity of desired information† (Casey, Miller Johnson 1997). According to the interviewee an effective strategy in recent days has been â€Å"active listening. I find that if I spend the first few minutes of the meeting listening to the fears and anxieties from my team, they settle do wn instantly and we return to our effective work mode. In my experience when managers ignore the anxieties of their team it just doesn’t work; yes, these are irrational fears and nobody knows what will happen, however the simple act of listening in a thoughtful way without judgment seems to focus my team instantly† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). Breakdowns in Decision Making According to Winter, Neal Waner (2001), â€Å"poor communication skills can bias group decision making† (Winter, Neal Waner 2001). In the experience of the interviewee, decision making in the organization suffers at the present time simply because of â€Å"impatience. We just got a new CEO, yet everyone wants to know now what is happening now. The poor guy hasn’t even sat at his own desk yet.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Managerial Communication Breakdown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision making is rife with speculation and prediction – all the arm chair quarterbacks are out in full force trying to predict the new guy’s play – and I find that very few decisions have been made, aside from the major decision to exit the old CEO and bring in the new one† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). The strategy that the interviewee employed at the time of the interview is â€Å"avoiding groupthink. When we are in a strategy meeting, I do not allow any speculation as to the current CEO’s plan. Groupthink derails decision making almost instantly, and all it takes is one person to make some remark about what the CEO did in his previous role – how many people he fired, usually – and the whole team dissolves into panic mode. I steer us back to the task at hand – whatever decision needs to be made in the next hour – and I tend to be a firm taskmaster. The strategy that works best for me is t o not verbally engage the groupthink in any way; I simply restate the task, and lead the group back to the fold† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). Breakdowns in Leadership According to Winter, Neal Waner (2001), â€Å"the more realistic the task, the more likely it is that the emergent leader will be from either sex†¦however, where participants have less stake in the outcome, men are slightly more likely to emerge as leaders. Women take the leadership role more often in social situations, and men participate more and act as leader more often in task situations†¦even when a woman had taken the leadership role and performed most of the leadership tasks, if a man had contributed significantly, he was perceived as the leader† (Winter, Neal Waner 2001). In the current climate of the organization, leadership styles differ significantly, and according to the interviewee, some leaders deploy a masculine or authoritative style that â€Å"really isnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t flying for us at the moment. The old CEO had a tendency toward public rebuking of his direct reports. I’m not saying that’s why he left, but that had an effect on people, you know?Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Telling someone they suck in public does not win hearts and minds. I think to his credit he felt like that tactic would motivate guys to make sure they did a better job, however in our case it backfired. No one felt safe to communicate for fear of being stripped naked in front of peers† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). The communication strategy that the interviewee uses to handle performance issues among the members of her team is â€Å"personal and private. I take the individual aside and I make sure no one witnesses me doing this. Then I explain to him or her that we are going to place him on a performance plan, if we are, or if I need to find out why certain tasks aren’t getting done, I ask the question one to one and then work with the team member to facilitate the task† (E. Kurtz, personal communication, June 25, 2011). References Casey, M.K., Miller, V.D. Johnson, J.R. (1997). â€Å"Survivors’ information seeking following a redu ction in workforce.† Communication Research, 24, (6), 755-777. Kurtz, E. (2011, June 25). Personal communication. Winter, J.K., Neal, J.C. Waner, K. K. (2001). â€Å"How male, female, and mixed-gender groups regard interaction and leadership differences in the business communication course.† Business Communication Quarterly, 64 (3), 43-59. This research paper on Managerial Communication Breakdown was written and submitted by user M.O.D.O.G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Degrees of Freedom for Independence in Two-Way Table

Degrees of Freedom for Independence in Two-Way Table The number of degrees of freedom for independence of two categorical variables is given by a simple formula:   (r - 1)(c - 1).   Here r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns in the two way table of the values of the categorical variable.   Read on to learn more about this topic and to understand why this formula gives the correct number. Background One step in the process of many hypothesis tests is the determination of the number degrees of freedom.   This number is important because for probability distributions that involve a family of distributions, such as the chi-square distribution, the number of degrees of freedom pinpoints the exact distribution from the family that we should be using in our hypothesis test. Degrees of freedom represent the number of free choices that we can make in a given situation. One of the hypothesis tests that requires us to determine the degrees of freedom is the chi-square test for independence for two categorical variables. Tests for Independence and Two-Way Tables The chi-square test for independence calls for us to construct a two-way table, also known as a contingency table. This type of table has r rows and c columns, representing the r levels of one categorical variable and the c levels of the other categorical variable. Thus, if we do not count the row and column in which we record totals, there are a total of rc cells in the two-way table. The chi-square test for independence allows us to test the hypothesis that the categorical variables are independent of one another. As we mentioned above, the r rows and c columns in the table give us (r - 1)(c - 1) degrees of freedom. But it may not be immediately clear why this is the correct number of degrees of freedom. The Number of Degrees of Freedom To see why (r - 1)(c - 1) is the correct number, we will examine this situation in more detail. Suppose that we know the marginal totals for each of the levels of our categorical variables. In other words, we know the total for each row and the total for each column. For the first row, there are c columns in our table, so there are c cells. Once we know the values of all but one of these cells, then because we know the total of all of the cells it is a simple algebra problem to determine the value of the remaining cell. If we were filling in these cells of our table, we could enter c - 1 of them freely, but then the remaining cell is determined by the total of the row. Thus there are c - 1 degrees of freedom for the first row. We continue in this manner for the next row, and there are again c - 1 degrees of freedom. This process continues until we get to the penultimate row. Each of the rows except for the last one contributes c - 1 degrees of freedom to the total. By the time that we have all but the last row, then because we know the column sum we can determine all of the entries of the final row. This gives us r - 1 rows with c - 1 degrees of freedom in each of these, for a total of (r - 1)(c - 1) degrees of freedom. Example We see this with the following example.   Suppose that we have a two way table with two categorical variables.   One variable has three levels and the other has two.   Furthermore, suppose that we know the row and column totals for this table: Level A Level B Total Level 1 100 Level 2 200 Level 3 300 Total 200 400 600 The formula predicts that there are (3-1)(2-1) 2 degrees of freedom.   We see this as follows.   Suppose that we fill in the upper left cell with the number 80.   This will automatically determine the entire first row of entries: Level A Level B Total Level 1 80 20 100 Level 2 200 Level 3 300 Total 200 400 600 Now if we know that the first entry in the second row is 50, then the rest of the table is filled in, because we know the total of each row and column: Level A Level B Total Level 1 80 20 100 Level 2 50 150 200 Level 3 70 230 300 Total 200 400 600 The table is entirely filled in, but we only had two free choices.   Once these values were known, the rest of the table was completely determined. Although we do not typically need to know why there are this many degrees of freedom, it is good to know that we are really just applying the concept of degrees of freedom to a new situation.

Write IEP Goals for Healthy Student Work Habits

Write IEP Goals for Healthy Student Work Habits When a student in your class is the subject of an Individual Education Plan (IEP), you will be called upon to join a team that will write goals for him or her. These goals are important, as the students performance will be measured against them for the remainder of the IEP period and their success can determine the kinds of supports the school will provide.   SMART Goals For educators, its important to remember that IEP goals should be SMART. That is, they should be Specific, Measurable, use Action words, be Realistic and theyre Time-limited. Here are some ways to think about goals for children with poor work habits. You know this child.  She or he has trouble completing written work, seems to drift away during oral lessons, and may get up to socialize while children are working independently. Where do you start setting the goals that will support her or him and make them a better student? Executive Functioning Goals If a student has a disability such as ADD or ADHD, concentration and staying on task wont come easily. Children with these issues often have difficulty sustaining good work habits. Deficits such as this are known as executive functioning delays. Executive functioning includes basic organizational skill and responsibility. The purpose of goals in executive functioning is to help the student keep track of homework and  assignment due dates, remember to  turn in assignments and homework, remember to bring home (or return) books and materials. These  organizational skills lead to tools to manage his daily life.   When developing IEPs for students who need help with their work habits, it is important to remember to key in on a few specific areas. Changing one behavior at a time is much easier than focusing on too many, which will be overwhelming for the student. Sample Behavioral Goals Focus attention with minimal supervision or intervention.Refrain from distracting others.Listen when directions and instructions are given.Identify what is needed each work period and each day for homework.Be prepared for assignments.Take the time to do things right the first time.  Think things out on your own before asking.Try things independently without giving up.Work independently as much as possible.Apply successful strategies when involved in problem-solving.Be able to re-state problems, instructions, and directions to help with understanding the task at hand.Take responsibility for all work being done.Participate fully in group situations or when called upon.Be responsible for self and belongings.Remain positive when working with others.Cooperate in both large and small group settings.Be considerate of the opinions of others.Seek positive solutions for any conflicts that may arise.Always follow the routines and rules. Use these prompts to craft SMART goals. That is, they should be achievable and measurable and have a time component. For example, for the child who struggles with paying attention, this goal incorporates specific behaviors, is actionable, measurable, time-bound, and realistic:   The student will attend (sit still with eyes on the teacher, keeping their hands to themselves, using a quiet voice) to a task during large and small group instruction for a ten-minute period, with no more than one teacher prompt in four out of five trials, to be measured by the teacher. When you think about it, many of the work habits lead to good skills for life habits. Work on one or two at a time, obtaining success before moving to another habit.

Mobile Health Care Payments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mobile Health Care Payments - Research Paper Example Mobile payment has become the single and most efficient and reliable mode of payment in hospitals. According to West (2012), the utilization of smartphones transformed the communication and methods of payment in commerce and health settings in the country. At Cleveland Clinic, these modes of payment are as a result of late payments of medical bills by patient in the hospitals after medication. Due to close monitor of the payment system, the hospital management realized that out of all the patients, only a few paid their bill in cash. Majority did not pay for their health services in the hospital (West, 2012). It resulted in the lack of revenue for the hospital since patient payment accounted for the majority of the clinic’s revenue. The impact of unpaid bills on the clinic was significant leading to ill health provision due to lack of enough health equipment in the hospital. Majority of health workers also could not receive pay since the revenue turnout was not sufficient. In addition, the introduction of Obamacare has also necessitated the use of smartphones in payment of hospital bills. Smartphones payment enables the hospital to collect revenue efficiently since the introduction of that Act. Implementation of that law meant an increase in the overall number of patients accessing the clinic and other health services (Shoval, 2013). Moreover, the Act places more responsibility on employers with the high-deductible plans on employees. The Obamacare, for this reason, is a sign of high revenue turn out to hospitals and clinic, and efficient collection of that revenue by hospital through smartphone payment would be significant. Additionally, the advancement in technology that is an entry of smartphones necessitated its use in hospital payment. This device is a valuable tool in revenue collection both for the health and commerce sector. As a result of this, Cleveland has decided to change the mode

Knowledge and asset management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge and asset management - Essay Example Finally, the report gives how the report can be of help to other companies. (Han 2003) Change is inevitable in any organization. How an organization treats its stake holders, will define its success or failure in implementing any change. An organization needs to define who a stakeholder is and influence the stakeholder has in order to handle them and to have their support in the implementation process. It is worth to note that no stakeholder should be ignored. This is a case study of Seven Seas Technology (Drucker 1974). Seven Seas Technology is an international company dealing with ICT. The company operates globally with most interest in Africa market as the market for technology is high. The company deals with technology solutions for large companies and government agencies. In the recent past, the company has won in tenders with multinationals and governments in Africa. Currently the company is in a contract with the Zambian government to install a sea cable in the country. The company was also in a multi billion contract with the Nigerian government where it was involved in networking government ministries and other government agencies. The company also secured a contract with Vodafone where it developed a system to provide computing services to its customers in the entire world. So what is the real secret behind this accomplishment story? Seven Seas were previously referred to as Dataset Technology where it had a narrow scope of business. The company only focused on East African market. The company wanted to have a wider scope to tap the adaptation of technology in the whole of Africa. The company’s top management then thought it was good to rebrand the company and increase their capital in order for the company to operate in whole of Africa. Seven seas had to identify its stakeholders and develop new ways to make sure they

Strategically evaluation the airlines based on your choice using the SWOT analysis Essay Example for Free

Strategically evaluation the airlines based on your choice using the SWOT analysis Essay SWOT are meaning of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. First, we discuss the strengths of Cathay Pacific. Cathay Pacific established in 1946, it’s a long history experience base on Hong Kong. It is a large-scale international airline around the world, includes flights to Asia, Europe, Africa and USA. The services that this airline provides are passenger transport and cargo services to 167 destinations in 42 countries and territories around the world. The Cathay Pacific is a strong financial position from Swire Group and its acquisition of Dragon Air is the market leader in Asia. The Airlines is a strong relationship with Air China and China Government are increased shareholding in Air China, it is a majority shareholding in Air Hong Kong with all cargo carrier services. On the other hand, they well-trained labor force of the high quality service, it around 29,800 employees in the world and the superb team is about 22,000 in Hong Kong. Cathay Pacific is adapting in organizational structure. At last, Cathay Pacific development of online service for its business growth, the passenger can book on the website for operating in many routes easily. {1} It have strong Media Centre and awards, for example, Slogan â€Å"Asia’s world city Hong Kong†, World’s Best Overall Airline, Best first class lounge and most punctual airline between London and Hong Kong. After that, provide the new types A340 of aircrafts for saving energy and efficient operations. Some of the long haul flights are always 100% Full. Second, the weaknesses of the Cathay Pacific are strong labor union and potential strike and negotiations. The environment of Long Haul Equipment, apparently the current A340 and B744 both of them have their weakness, B744 still have a little bit noisy, and A340 have a narrow cabin to affect the comfort. There are low margins and keen price competition. However, it is earning per share under fluctuation and uncertainty. Third, the Opportunities are stable economic growth and increase the needs of traveling in Asia. It development of global travel and tourism industry and air freight and logistics it is because of globalization. There is relaxation of China policy in outbound tour. The expansion of cargo services in new markets (Zhengzhou and Hyderabad). It is planning for a new establishment of {5} Joint Venture business with Shanghai’s 2 international airports. For the people, they can tend to luxury flight experience and passages know Cathay Pacific is safety. Finally, Threats of the Cathay Pacific is high fuel cost, and it is increasing competition from low cost carriers like the HK Airline and Air Asia. It became the economic fluctuation in Europe and USA. {6} It is potential terrorist attack under unstable world political situation.

Polygyny benefits Society :: Anthropology

Polygyny benefits Society Polygyny, the social arrangement that permits a man to have more than one wife at the same time, exists in all parts of the world. From our present knowledge, there are very few primitive tribes in which a man is not allowed to enter into more than one union. In fact, ethologists now believe that only one to two percent of all species may be monogamous (Tucker). None of the simian species are strictly monogamous; our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, practice a form of group marriage. Among the 849 human societies examined by the anthropologist Murdock (1957), 75% practiced polygyny. Many peoples have been said to be monogamous, but it is difficult to infer from the data at our disposal whether monogamy is the prevalent practice, the moral ideal, or an institution safeguarded by sanctions (Malinowski 1962). Historically, polygyny was a feature of the ancient Hebrews, the traditional Chinese, and the nineteenth-century Mormons in the United States, but the modern practice of polygyn y is concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. The extent to which men are able to acquire multiple wives depends on many factors, including the economic prosperity of the man’s family, the prevailing bride price, the differential availability of marriageable females, the need and desire for additional offspring, and the availability of productive roles for subsequent wives. Even in societies that permit polygyny, the conditions of life for the masses make monogamy the most common form of marriage. The two variations of polygyny are sororal (the cowives are sisters) and nonsororal (the cowives are not sisters). Some societies also observe the custom of levirate, making it compulsory for a man to marry his brother’s widow. It must be remembered that any form of polygyny is never practiced throughout the entire community: there cannot exist a community in which every man would have several wives because this would entail a huge surplus of f emales over males (Malinowski 1962). Another important point is that in reality it is not so much a form of marriage fundamentally distinct from monogamy as rather a multiple monogamy. It is always in fact the repetition of marriage contract, entered individually with each wife, establishing an individual relationship between the man and each of his consorts (Benson 1971). Where each wife has her separate household and the husband visits them in turn, polygynous marriage resembles very closely a temporarily interrupted monogamy.

Malignant Hyperthermia: What You Need to Know

Malignant Hyperthermia: What You Need to Know Ivy O. Corlew, BSN, RN, CNOR Conneaut Medical Center–OR Malignant Hyperthermia: What You Need to Know What is Malignant Hyperthermia or MH Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, life threatening, pharmacogenetic disorder characterized by hypermetabolic state of skeletal muscle induced by inhalation anesthetics like halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane and the depolarizing muscle relaxant agent like succinylcholine (Rosenberg et al, 2007).Clinical signs are; Increased end tidal CO2 production which is an early sign, tachycardia, tachypnea, trunk or total body rigidity, masseter (jaw) muscle rigidity after succinylcholine which occurs commonly in children, marked temperature elevation (maybe a late sign), respiratory and metabolic acidosis, myoglobinuria(MHAUS, 2011). If left untreated the patient will experience cardiac arrest, kidney failure, blood coagulation problems, internal hemorrhage, and possibly death (slideshare, 2010) Nursi ng AssessmentNurses taking care of surgical patients must be knowledgeable regarding MH so they can identify clinical signs and symptoms early on, its emergent treatment, and be able to respond promptly and appropriately. Preoperative assessment by nurses are crucial in identifying the patient, who could be at high risk for Malignant Hyperthermia, so MH triggering agents can be avoided during anesthesia. Example of questions to ask to help screen for MH susceptibility are (AORN 2012): 1. Has anyone ever told you that you had a â€Å"bad† reaction to anesthesia? 2. Has anyone ever told you that you or your family member had a problem with anesthesia? . Have you or a family member experienced a high fever while under anesthesia? 4. Has anyone ever told you or a family member they had a difficult time opening your jaw during general anesthetic? 5. Has anyone in your family died unexpectedly in the operating room? 6. Have you or anyone in your family experienced sunstroke or heat stroke resulting in hospitalization? 7. Have you ever noticed dark â€Å"cola-colored† urine after a general anesthetic or after experiencing a heat-related illness? Treating MH Dantrolene IV is the only drug available in the market to treat Malignant Hyperthermia.It is difficult to mix and is time consuming to reconstitute. It comes in yellowish colored powder that when fully mix with non-bacteriostatic sterile water, the color stays the same. The new brand Dantrium IV (dantrolene sodium for injection) mixes in just 20 seconds (MHAUS, 2011). However, this is not what we have stocked in our cart. According to MHAUS (2011), dantrolene suppresses the exaggerated rise in muscle cell calcium that seems to trigger MH by binding to the calcium channel site in muscle that is responsible both for calcium release and, likely, calcium entry into the cell.Dantrolene may cause significant muscle weakness in patients with preexisting muscle disease and should be used with extreme caution in those patients. When used with calcium channel blockers (verapamil or diltiazem), dantrolene may produce life-threatening hyperkalemia and myocardial depression. Once a patient has been successfully treated for 36 hours with intravenous dantrolene, he/she may be switched to oral dantrolene until the CK or Creatine Kinase level is trending down and there is no further evidence of acidosis or hypermetabolism and temperature spikes. A recommended 36 vials be stocked.Treating Malignant Hyperthermia crisis is a complex nature, and it involves several staff members. The first thing to do in the event of suspected MH crisis is to recruit extra staff. The following steps are outline by role (MHAUS, 2011): The surgeon should stop or complete the procedure as soon as possible. The anesthesia provider stops inhalation agents; stops warming blanket; increase minute ventilation; inserts esophageal temp probe; inserts NG tube for lavage as needed; administers dantrolene IV; inserts an arteria l line; draws blood for chemistry, ck, coagulation, ABG.If peaked T waves on ECG, administers calcium then glucose and insulin. If T waves are not peaked and arrhythmia present, injects bicarbonate. The circulating nurse brings in MH cart; mixes dantrolene based on 2. 5 mg/kg with 60 ml of non-bacteriostatic sterile water, repeat dose until the signs are controlled. The circulating nurse should document the event. A second nurse assist in mixing dantrolene and hands syringe to anesthesia provider. A third nurse brings in emergency crash cart; places urinary catheter; assist in drawing blood or with other task.A fourth nurse brings in plastic bags with ice and cold IV fluids; places ice bags on exposed parts like groin, axilla, and neck (without compromising sterility); iced saline lavage of any open body cavities such as the stomach, bladder, or rectum. Cold I. V. fluids are administered using 0. 9% sodium chloride, but Lactated Ringer’s is avoided so that acidosis is not wor sened (Martin, 2009). Stop cooling measures when temperature falls to 38 °C (MHAUS, 2011). A laminated copy of MHAUS dantrolene dosage chart is located on top of MH cart to minimize precious time wasted in calculating dosage per kilogram.As soon as patient is stabilized, transfer patient to ICU or call transfer center for an emergent transfer to UH Case SICU or ED. Knowing your Role All staff involved in the MH crisis response should conduct a debriefing meeting as early as possible. Points to consider including (AORN, 2012): 8. Was the MH cart adequately stocked and immediately available? 9. Were enough staff members available to manage the crisis effectively? 10. When staff members responded, were they familiar with task expected in MH crisis? 11. Was MHAUS appropriately notified? 12. Do staff members have other ideas about planning care for a future MH crisis? 3. Has a root-cause analysis been done (MH is considered a sentinel event)? Staff Competency By using the mannequin as our patient, and mixing the expired dantrolene from MHAUS, perioperative staff did fairly well during the MH mock drill simulation by following thru with the expected roles. MH drill should be held at least quarterly to help perioperative staff practice early recognition of MH crisis and how to act accordingly. MH drill also improve OR (operating room) team coordination and provides opportunities to serve in each of the four roles mentioned (Martin, 2009). PreventionEarly detection of clinical signs and symptoms of MH, knowing your role and a prompt response to this emergent crisis can save your patient’s life. MH crisis prevention is the key and the best treatment you can provide to your patient. Knowledge about MH is a must for nurses taking care of a patient before, during and after operative care. Armed with this knowledge, you can make a difference in your patient’s lives. References AORN (2012). AORN Malignant Hyperthermia Guideline. In Perioperative Standards an d Recommended Practices: For Inpatient and Ambulatory Settings (pp. 5,8-9). Retrieved from http://online. statref. om/titleinfo/fxid-234. html Martin, C. L. (2009). A Practical Guide for Malignant Hyperthermia Management. OR NURSE 2009, 24. Retrieved from www. ORNurseJournal. com Rosenberg, H. , Davis, M. , James, D. , Pollock, N. , & Stowell, K. (2007). Malignant Hyperthermia. ORPHANET JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES. doi:10. 1186/1750-1172-2-21 Malignant Hyperthermia Mock Drill Kit. (2011). Healthcare Professionals. Retrieved from http://www. mhaus. org/healthcare-professionals/#. T6rV3VI2cTY Malignant Hyperthermia (2010, January 28). [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/wright958/malignant-hyperthermia-3015604

IEP Inclusion Essay

The main function of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has always been to integrate the value of learning and development among special students within the educational curriculum. Recognizing the current trends and needs of students, the law was changed to address the functions of consolidating different measures to enhance approaches that bridges further effectiveness in carrying out its goals and objectives. Reacting to its application within Georgia (GA), these new tenets diversified the value of integrating new laws and furthering opportunities that infused better means of facilitation, transmission, and redirection of necessary elements essential towards increased appreciation and learning. One essential application of the amendment of the IDEA corresponds to the acquisition and training of highly qualified teachers. Since the practice of inclusion of special students within the classroom requires the necessary skills and competence among educators, the application of standards coincide not only within the precept of IDEA but also on other educational mandates such as the No Child Left behind Policy (NCLB). By ensuring that Georgian teachers are fit to meet the needs of students via training and development of necessary skills, they can help transcend towards furthering means to induce inclusion and determine the best programs available for students regardless of their physical and cognitive capacities (Hyatt, 2007). Another crucial component shaping Georgia in adherence to the needs of facilitating inclusion and the needs of special students revolves around the procedural safeguards present within the state. Here, the board of education alongside educational institutions are the ones who ensure that careful application of protective mandates is given towards special students particularly in the realm of disciplining, mediation, and the process of intervention during specific cases. Such directions can then induce better means for reinforcing accountability and responsibility among educators and administrators in congruence to the mandates provided by IDEA in reference to protective mechanism for the needs of special students and the promotion of inclusion (Hyatt, 2007). The third aspect that needs to be considered revolves around the nature of individualized education programs. Under the specific tenets advocated by the Georgian Board of Education, it has mandated and amended new conditions prior to the implementation of an IEP program. Under these conditions, it must correspond to particular standards and approved by the supervisory committee handling specific subjects and disciplines. In here, modifications within the IDEA were introduced to carry out a wider span and target new means of consolidating a wider scope in trying to reach out towards the needs of special students particularly those with disabilities (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). With regards to early intervention programs, specific attention is made by the Georgia Department of Education wherein they try to incorporate different schemes in reaching out towards special students and making them take part in government sponsored programs. In here, specific consideration is made the derivation of rubrics and EIP guidelines so as to guide both parents and educators about the appropriate model that is effective for each participant (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). Alongside this process is the condition towards centering options to help students meet the demands of their grade level and adhere to the standards provided by IDEA. The last part circumvents with the process alignment with the No Child Left behind Policy. Under this mandate, the Georgia Department of Education has corresponded and integrated its school policies and its programs according to its mandates. Here, amendments and rules were reinforced to guide educators and administrators the appropriate perspectives in helping students with disabilities become readily available and competent (Idea Partnership. org, 2007). Similarly, these conditions also center in areas such as special education services, school improvement, and addressing proficiency standards. All these conditions then necessitate better means to justify and outline congruence with both the differing perspectives and mandates provided by IDEA and NCLB. In the end, it can be argued that the Georgia Department of Education has indeed consolidated efforts towards bridging and redefining the mandates of the IDEA. Here, they had sought to help induce inclusion within the classroom by consolidating the directives provided by the IDEA and applies them according to the norms prevalent within educational institutions. By reinforcing these policies, Georgia remains responsive and accountable to the increasing needs of special students and opens up opportunities for growth and development.

GI Jane essays

GI Jane essays Women in military positions is an issue that has been very controversial for many years. Today, the typical occupational field of female service members is mainly administrative or medical but filmmakers are attempting to show otherwise. In the 1997 hit movie G.I. Jane, directed by Ridley Scott, one female whose determination reaches heights beyond anyones expectations smashes this image of females in the military. The portrayal of women in the movie G.I. Jane not only suggests that women can do anything the military men can do but also shows some political corruption and manipulation. Historically, female military members served as primarily medical doctors, nurses, typists, translators, seamstresses and other clerical occupations. There were a few instances where women did seem to have an interest in joining the men in infantry type positions during the World War II era, but all attempts to enlist were denied. The roles women played in the military were very important and essential for support of the armed forces but limitations were soon challenged. The women in some areas of the military, (ie. The Navy Nurse Corps), were not even given a rank equivalent to those of the men, and in 1942 President Roosevelt approved a congressional enactment to give those women a relative rank. The interests of women to attempt to enlist into infantry positions and contribute in wartime situations grew after WWII due to the increase in womens rights activations and demonstrations. New womens rights leaders came forth to fight for equality of women and made large gains, but women in combat situations was still an issue the military could not approve of. Today, women rank highly amongst all military members and fill many important positions. They are todays aircraft mechanics, computer operators, air traffic controllers, sailors, Commanding Officers and leaders in all branches of the United S...

Marine Herbivores

Marine Herbivores An herbivore is an organism that feeds on plants. These organisms are referred to as herbivorous. An example of a marine herbivore is the manatee. The opposite of an herbivore is a carnivore or meat-eater. Origin of the Term Herbivore The word herbivorous comes from the Latin word herba (a plant) and vorare (devour, swallow), meaning plant-eating. Size Matters Many marine herbivores are small because only a few organisms are adapted well enough to eat phytoplankton, which provides the bulk of the plants in the ocean. Terrestrial herbivores tend to be larger since most of the terrestrial plants are large and can sustain a large herbivore. Two exceptions are manatees and dugongs, large marine mammals who survive primarily on aquatic plants. However, they live in relatively shallow areas, where light is not limited and plants can grow larger.   Advantages and Disadvantages of Being An Herbivore Plants such as phytoplankton are relatively abundant in ocean areas with access to sunlight, such as shallow waters, at the surface of the open ocean, and along the coast. So an advantage of being an herbivore is that food is pretty easy to find. Once it is found, it cant escape like a live animal could. On the disadvantage side, plants are more difficult to digest and more may be needed to provide adequate energy for the herbivore.    Examples of Marine Herbivores Many marine animals are omnivores or carnivores. But there are some marine herbivores that are wells of marine herbivores in various animal groups are listed below. Herbivorous Marine Reptiles: Green sea turtle (who are named for their green fat, which is green because of their plant-based diet)Marine iguanas Herbivorous Marine Mammals: Manatees, as already mentioned above.Dugongs Herbivorous Fish Many tropical reef fish are herbivores. Examples include:   ParrotfishAngelfishTangsBlennies These coral reef herbivores are important to maintaining a healthy balance in a reef ecosystem. Algae can dominate and smother a reef if herbivorous fish arent present to help balance things out by grazing on the algae.  Fish can break down the algae using a gizzard-like stomach, chemicals in their stomach and intestinal microbes. Herbivorous Invertebrates Some gastropods, such as limpets, periwinkles  (e.g., the common periwinkle), and queen conchs. Herbivorous Plankton Some zooplankton species Herbivores and Trophic Levels Trophic levels are the levels at which animals feed. Within these levels, there are producers (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs).   Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs eat autotrophs or other heterotrophs. In a food chain or food pyramid, the first trophic level belongs to the autotrophs. Examples of autotrophs in the marine environment are marine algae and seagrasses. These organisms make their own food during photosynthesis, which uses energy from the sunlight. Herbivores are found at the second level. These are heterotrophs because they eat the producers. After herbivores, carnivores and omnivores are at the next trophic level, since carnivores eat herbivores, and omnivores eat both herbivores and producers. References and Further Information Cornell University. Herbivory in Fish. Accessed October 31, 2015.Harper, D. Herbivorous.  Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed October 1, 2015.National Geographic.  Autotroph.  Accessed September 29, 2015.Map of Life. Gut fermentation in herbivorous animals. Accessed October 31, 2015.Morrissey, J.F. and J.L. Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. Jones Bartlett Learning. 466pp.

A career in culinary arts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A career in culinary arts - Research Paper Example For such reasons, the world of culinary arts has attracted my interest for a long time. A career in culinary arts would show me how people can be satisfied by good food; moreover, it takes training and skills to become a culinary expert. Nevertheless, the good salary and the fulfillment of seeing people pleased with their meals are the greatest rewards of a culinary expert. Food can greatly satisfy people, being one of the basic needs. A lot of people find good food as comforting, a balm to the broken heart and weary soul. Recently, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the connection of food to happiness. Remarkably, some results were worth looking into because researchers have found that certain types of substances like DHA ( simply known as Omega 3) can alleviate depression in individuals with highly-stressful situations (Gorman, 2011). In fact, the researcher named Hibbeln has influenced the American Psychological Association to prescribe Omega 3 Fatty food to their mentally ill patients ( p.2). Food promotes over-health as it supports growth and development. For many decades, the US Food Pyramid guide was the yardstick to healthy diet; however, this was discarded in 2005 as the Harvard School of Public Health came up with a new MyPyramid that was fully endorsed by the USDA ( hspa.harvard.edu). Old beliefs such as eggs were bad and that all fats posed health risk were discarded; instead, focus was more on quality of food rather than restrictive calorie-counting. It can be said then that food gives back to people in both ways- positively or negatively. But if people make wise decisions about the food they eat, they can be very healthy. This is where the role of a culinary expert comes in- to prepare healthy and satisfying meals so people can have a better life. Now, that we understand the crucial role that food plays in our daily lives, it is time to focus on how to become a culinary

Web-Based Courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Web-Based Courses - Essay Example It asks of the students to remain at the convenience of their homes and attain education which is being imparted on the campuses. This has become such a huge part of our education systems that the world is quickly coming to terms with the very same. More and more research is however needed to ensure that there are fewer flaws in the connectivity systems which guarantee a proper linkage between the university lecturers and the students sitting within their homes or in the form of groups. The people who are most likely to benefit with the coming of age of these web-based university courses include the students who are unable to attain visa and permission for studying abroad in different campuses of the world. Also tuition fees is another significant aspect that comes under the related discussion, which could be marked as one of the reasons as to why students choose to have the web-based university courses in the first place. The disabled fraternity is also likely to achieve high quality education through the adequate use of technology coming under the heading of the web-based university courses and indeed distance learning. Then there are the aged people who are immobile and cannot move as such which form a large percentage of the students who acquire education through the use of the web-based university courses. However the single most significant feature of these people getting connected to the web-based university courses lies in the fact that fees is a major issu e and these people are unable to pay such hefty sums whilst enrolling at the time of admissions to the universities the world over. On the flip side of the coin, the weaknesses, risks, disadvantages and problems concerned with the web-based university courses are also present. These are in the form of absence of providing an interactive discussion with the instructors and fellow students in the real sense of the word. The aspect of asking questions and clarifying points could be marked with

Automobile production chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Automobile production chain - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss how globalization exactly impacted this process. First, in the automobile production process, the component which has the greatest impact on whether the automobile will became a success in the marketplace is the deign stage of the production chain. In here engineers, suppliers, marketers, distributors, and even customers collaborate to create a new automobile. After the specifications of the new car, a prototype is created to validate the assumptions made by the design team. After the prototype, the parts for the new automobile product will be sourced. In sourcing out the necessary components, close coordination between and among the third-, second-, and first-tier suppliers, company, production staff, and the design team is necessary to pave the way for an efficient assembly line for the product. After the final assembly, the company coordinates with its distribution networks to create an effective and efficient distribution programs for the car to reach the end consumers or the consumers to be able to reach the car. In the above production chain, almost all its stages are affected by globalization; however such impacts were driven by different factors for each of the production chin stages. For example, "major auto assemblers invested heavily in the emerging markets, building new capacity and modernizing existing plants" (Humprey 2003, p. 121) because of cost reduction possibilities (for the final assembly chain), for the long-term growth prospects (for the distribution chain), and many more. On the other hand, the assembly and component manufacturing portion of chain is the most global process. In the assembly and component manufacture, the economic activities of organizations across national boundaries are well coordinated. Never have we seen a single economic activity so global it is now impossible to create an automobile just from the economic resources of a single nation (Liu, Sui & Gu 2008, p. 11). As Sturgeon, van Biesebroeck and Gereffi said, "the world automotive industry, like many others, is in the midst of a profound transition. Since the mid-1980s, it has been shifting from a series of discrete national industries to a more integrated global industry" (2008, p. 302). An impact of the increasing globalization of the automobile industry on the production chain is the creation of affiliated design centers and centralization of the heavy engineering work of vehicle development (Sturgeon, van Biesebroeck & Gereffi 2008, p. 302). In terms of the usual distant relationship of the automobile manufacturer with its suppliers, this is no longer the case now. In Thailand for example, the foreign manufacturers spend constant effort in developing the local suppliers by offering resources, training, feedback and solutions (Petison & Johri 2008, p. 76). Such support had enabled some local automobile parts suppliers to become global as in the case of Brazil (Grisis & Ribeiro 2004, p. 415). In some places, this close coordination had resulted in the creation of supplier parks either as a modular consortium or industrial condominium (Morris, Donnelly & Donnelly 2004, p. 129; Howard & Squire 2007, p. 1192). As the business environment of the automotive industry becomes more and more global, so as does the complexity of this environment (Li & Chandra 2007). Geffen and Rothenberg observed that "[a]utomobile assembly plants worldwide face increasing pressures in the environmental arena"

A Review Of Leadership Management Essay

A Review Of Leadership Management Essay The term leadership means different things to different people. Although no ultimate definition of leadership exists (Yukl, 2002), the majority of definitions of leadership reflect some basic elements, including group influence and goal (Bryman, 1992). Leadership is one of the rare and precious human capitals. Without leaders to guide and shape decisions society would become stagnant. Within the arena of leadership there are good leaders, bad leaders, and effective leaders. All three coexist simultaneously in a world of followers. A good leader is someone who can motivate and excite people about a specific subject. They are the one who possesses many qualities. First and most important a good leader is to possess the ability to recognize whats fair, good, and honest. A good leader always sets a good example of integrity, morals, and will lead his followers in accordance with these qualities. In addition to being just a good leader must be a strong thinker. Good leader inspire workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things a leader must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills. Bad leaders have a tendency to turn a good organization around and burn it to the ground. They make rash decisions without discussing it with the team, for one. They dont want to share the glory with anyone at all. They want to do everything and take the credit all by themselves.This is probably one of the biggest reasons that leaders lose the respect of their team. In an organization and in a team, leader has to work or need to communicate with the team. An Effective leader is someone who manages to get people to do what they want.   It could be defined as one who exerts influence to get others to achieve the leaders objectives. An effective leader is a person with a passion for a cause that is larger than they are. The essential needs for the effective leaders are good communication, knowledge and understanding, team work, recognition and encouragement, vision, risk and innovation, ethics, flexibility with leadership styles and commitment. 2. Theories behind leadership Leadership theories in management have evolved over time into various types, with their own lines of thought. Each theory provides a model of effectively steering an organization. Adding to Kurt Lewins (1945) observation that there is nothing so practical as a good theory, Whetten (2002) suggests that only a good theory is practical. Hence, we have two successive goals: (1) we should understand the components that comprise theory; and (2) we should incorporate this knowledge into the theory of leadership. There isnt one right definition of leadership. There are various leadership theories out there, and when you limit leadership to one definition, you also limit the value of true leadership. Leadership can be something very difficult to describe or explain. It is abstract. There isnt a certain shape that it takes, or there isnt one specific direction. Depending on the leadership theory that you are talking about, one person could be considered successful and the other a failure. Leadership theories are founded on a persons opinion. Many theorists have put forward their own views and formulated their own theories regarding leaders and leadership. The author will explore some of the theories on the subject of leadership. 2.1 Great Man Theory The Great Man Theory is associated most often with 19th-century commentator and historian Thomas Carlyle. This theory assumes that leaders are born and not made. Leaders usually were members from the aristocracy since they only got a chance to lead; hence, it was considered that good breeding contributed in making great leaders. The concept of a Great Woman was not explored and andocentric bias was never realized. In addition, the theory also states that when there is a great need, then a great leader arises, like Buddha, Jesus, Churchill and Eisenhower. 2.2 The Trait Theory This theory assumes that human beings are born with inherited traits and the right combination of traits makes them a leader. Hence, leadership was a matter of traits whether inherited or acquired otherwise. Stogdill (1974) identified certain traits like adaptability, socially aware, achievement oriented, decisive, dominant, energetic, cooperative, assertive, self-confident, persistent, responsible, and capacity to tolerate stress. McCall and Lombardo (1983) identified four basic traits, namely, emotional composure and stability, intellectual breadth, highly developed interpersonal skills, and the capacity to admit errors. Although leadership trait theories are popular, it is viewed by many as very simplistic. There are those that argue that trait theories attribute the success of leadership solely to his or her personality and physical traits or characteristics without regard to the situational context. The trait approach is considered too simplistic as an explanation of the complex leadership phenomenon. 2.3 Participative Leadership Theory This theory assumes that the conclusion of many minds makes a better decision than the judgment of a single mind. Hence, the leader invites participation from the persons responsible for carrying out the work, since it makes them less competitive and more collaborative, thereby increasing their level of commitment. Participants may be subordinates, peers, superiors, or stakeholders. The extent of participation may vary. The leader may outline the objectives or goals and allow the team to decide how it can be achieved or the leader may allow a joint decision to be taken with respect to objectives and its method of achievement or the team may propose but the final decision is always of the leader. Many varieties exist, like consultation, democratic leadership, Management By Objectives (MBO), power-sharing, empowerment, and joint decision-making. The negative side of this theory is that when a leader asks for opinions and does not find them suitable, then it leads to cynicism, feelings of betrayal, reduced motivation and decreased level of commitment. 2.4 Lewins Theories Kurt Lewin along with others conducted experiments in 1939 and came up with three styles of participative leaderships, namely autocratic, democratic, and Laissez-faire. In the autocratic style, the leader took the decisions without consulting others. In the democratic style, the leader took the decisions after consulting others or let the majority decide on what is to be done. In the Laissez-faire style, the leader lets others decide on the decisions to be taken. Lewin et al. discovered that the autocratic style led to revolution, the Laissez-faire style lacked enthusiasm and coordination, while the democratic style proved to be the most effective. Since these experiments were done on children, they still required further study and research. 2.5 Likerts Theories Rensis Likert (1967) theorized four styles, namely, exploitive authoritative, benevolent authoritative, consultative, and participative. In the exploitive authoritative style, the leader uses methods as threats, coercion, and other fear-based methods to enforce conformance. It is always a top-down approach and the views, feelings, of others are given no value. In the benevolent authoritative style, the leader becomes a benevolent dictator and uses rewards to motivate performance. The leader listens to rose-tinted views from the subordinates as they tell only what the leader likes to hear in the hope of gaining rewards. Trivial delegation of decision is done, however important decisions are always made centrally. In the consultative style, the leader seeks consultations, however, most upward flow of information is still rose-tinted and the decision is almost taken centrally. In the participative style, the leader invites participation across all levels, including the shop floor worker , and attempts to make the employees psychologically closer are made. Dissensions, arguments, feelings of betrayal all take place in this style. The leader becomes a father figure and a cult head, whose saying ultimately becomes the final decision. 2.6 The Charismatic Leader Theory This theory assumes that leaders gather followers simply by their charm, grace, and personality. If a leader is not a natural charismatic leader then that individual takes a lot of trouble in maintaining the image and developing requisite skills. They are usually very persuasive and use their body language very effectively. In a theatrical sense, charisma is played out as exhibited by politicians, religious and cult leaders. Conger Kanungo (1998) have elucidated five characteristics of charismatic leaders, namely, clear vision and its lucid articulation, sensitivity to the environment, sensitivity to the needs of the members, ability to take personal risks to support their viewpoints, and ability to perform unconventional behavior. Musser (1987) noted that charismatic leaders wanted their followers to commit to absolute devotion to themselves. The charismatic leader may not want to change anything or transform anything unlike the transformational leader. If the charismatic leader is well-intentioned then they can contribute significantly to the growth of the entire group, however, if they are Machiavellian and selfish, then by the creation of cults, they can effectively rape the minds and bodies of their followers. Their own self-belief can lead them into psychotic narcissism and their self-absorption is so high, that their irreplaceability, intentional or otherwise, can guarantee no successors and thus they make a permanent mark in history. 2.7 The Transformational Leader Theory The concept of transformational leadership was initially introduced by leadership expert and presidential biographer James MacGregor Burns.1 According to Burns, transformational leadership can be seen when leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. Through the strength of their vision and personality, transformational leaders are able to inspire followers to change expectations, perceptions and motivations to work towards common goals. Later, researcher Bernard M. Bass expanded upon Burns original ideas to develop what is today referred to as Bass Transformational Leadership Theory.2 According to Bass, transformational leadership can be defined based on the impact that it has on followers. Transformational leaders, Bass suggested, garner trust, respect and admiration from their followers. This theory assumes that a leader with vision and passion can achieve great things by inspiring, injecting enthusiasm and energy, and thereby transform the individual or the group towards the attainment of individual or group goals. Transformational leadership is concerned with the performance of followers and developing them to their fullest potential. Tesco is considered as the most successful retail company in the United Kingdom. The success of Tesco was heralded by the appointment of Terry Leahy as the Chief Executive Officer. Leahy is considered as a visionary and transformational leader who led the company into a series of organizational changes that aimed for the company to become more customer-focused and to develop the companys workforce. Terry Leahy is revered as an excellent leader. Leahy was reported to say that he believes that the success of a leader depends upon maintaining a happy workforce. According to him, there are four things that a leader must provide to his workers and followers to satisfy and motivate them. These are: A job that is interesting to do A chance to get on in life To be treated with respect A boss who is some help and not their biggest problem 2.8 The Transactional Leadership Theory This theory states that people work for reward and punishment. A clear chain of command with loyalty as the primary focus works best in social systems. The subordinate should only do what the leader tells to do without trying to find out the justification for it. The leader creates clear structures and the subordinates are required to follow. For successful completion of the work, they are rewarded whereas for unsuccessful completion, they are punished. The leader uses management by exception, that is, once the operation has defined performance expectations then it does not need much attention. Exceeding expectations gets praise whereas not fulfilling expectations gets corrective actions. The limitation of this approach is that it is assumed that the individual is a rational man (a person who is largely motivated by money and hence whose behavior is predictable), which he may not be due to emotional and social factors. In such a situation, other approaches may prove to be more effect ive. 2.9 The Situational Leadership Theory This theory assumes that the action of a leader depends on a number of situational factors, like motivation and capability of followers, relationship between the leader and the followers, stress, mood, etc. Yukl (1989) has identified six situational factors namely, subordinate effort, subordinate ability and role clarity, organization of the work, cooperation and cohesiveness, resources and support, and external coordination. 3. Cross Culture Differences in Global Organisation Leadership style is a part of cultural distinctiveness. The international business faces different challenges and obstacles in geographical, financial, legal, political and cultural environments. Culture presents challenges that make human interactions difficult. Cultural differences are found in areas such as language, values, and behaviors. The cultural environment in which an international business operates in has an enormous impact on the organization. Cultural differences according to Graham (2001) are often not obvious and associated problems are neither easily diagnosed nor corrected. Cultural differences have a huge impact on the efficiency of the international enterprise, and particularly on the management of people. Every country has a different culture that sets it apart from the rest. Every country has a different history, government and laws. The more countries with which a firm interacts, the more complex and difficult conducting business becomes. According to Briscoe et al (2004) the primary cause of this complexity and high level of difficulty has to do with the importance and critical nature of the differences between various countries cultures. Dutch business professor Geert Hofstede (2005) has described culture as a pattern of thoughts, feelings and actions that every individual carries within them, a pattern which is developed and learned through out ones lifetime. He also conducted what is considered as the most influential work on business cultures. Hofstede identified five cultural dimensions that affect international businesses. These dimensions are: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity and Short-term vs. Long-term Orientation. 4. The Impact of Culture on Human Resource Management Perhaps one of the area in the international business that is most affected by culture is Human Resource Management (HRM). According to Sims (2002) culture is essential to International Human Resource Management. The research conducted by Hofstede (1980) revealed that culture has huge implications for Multinational Corporations. According to Hofstede differences in culture may significantly affect HRM practices. Organizations that plan to establish businesses outside their home countries must realize that employing people with different culture and orientations might cause difficulties and collision between the organizations business practices and the culture of the host country. In principle, it is believed that a large contradiction between the multinational companys HRM practices and the host countrys culture is a main ingredient in failure. Wide-ranging cultural differences from country to country require corresponding differences in HRM practices among a companys foreign subsidiaries. The mix of cultures in the subsidiaries of a multinational company and the level of cultural differences among the subsidiaries will restrict the IHRM approach taken by an organization (Sims 2002). International Human Resource Management is the process of procuring, allocating and affectively utilizing human resources in a multinational corporation.   HMM managers in multinational corporations need to achieve two somewhat conflicting goals. First, they must integrate HRM policies and practices across a number of subsidiaries in different countries so that overall corporate objectives can be achieved. At the same time, the approach to HRM must be sufficiently flexible to a llow for significant differences in the types of HRM policies and practices that are most effective in different business and cultural settings (Sims 2002). 5. Nestle UK and Nestle India cross culture case The existence or presence of the Nestle Corporation in different countries around the world provides realization of the incidence of cross-cultures and cultural diversity in a particular business. The prevalence and practice of a specific culture in a specific company provides significant changes and differences in its approach in terms of production, operations, sales and market share. Thus, in this regard, organizational culture serves to be one of the major factors that affect the performance and communication in the entire organization, most especially in terms of operating and maintaining an international organization, such as Nestle. Henri Nestle founded the company in 1867 in Switzerland, as a manufacturer of infant cereals. Nestle corporate culture is extended to all branches and locations of the company around the world.   Ã‚   One of the most successful branches of Nestle Company in Asia is Nestle India Limited. The mother company set up its operations in India in 1912 as a trading company, and began as a manufacturing company in 1961 at the Moga factory. All manufacturing and marketing plants in India are in charge of the different brands produced in India, namely, milk and infant dietetics, culinary products, cereals, beverages and instant drinks, chocolate products and confectioneries, and chilled dairy products (2004). It employs over 3000 employees, and is regarded as one of the Most Respected Companies and amongst the Top Wealth Creators of India (2004). On the other hand is Nestle UK, which started as a sales office in London in 1868. By 1901, Nestle opened its first factory in the United Kingdom, and by 1905 it merged with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. Currently, it produces and manufactures brands such as Nescafe, Kit Kat, Polo, Smarties, Aero, and Black Magic (2007). From this information, the different cultures that exist in both organizations and branches of the Nestle Corporation can be assumed. It has been reported that Nestle India has been strictly adhering to the business objectives of its mother company. The business objective of the company is to manufacture and market products that would sustain and create value for the consumers, stockholders, employees, business partners, and the economy of India over a long and significant period of time. In this regard, Nestle India is conscious of the fact that its success is the reflection of the professionalism, conduct and ethical values of the entire management and employees of the company. As such, the company aims to make sure that the companys operations and processes would be characterized with the highest standards of ethical and responsible conduct. In addition, the significant and distinct characteristic of Nestle India can be observed through its Corporate Business Principles and Management and Leadership Principles (2007). Based on Nestle Indias Business Principles, it can be perceived that the business practices of the company, particularly in terms of their respective decisions are characterized by typical Asian traditions, beliefs, and practices. It has been reported that one of the most successful departments or divisions of Nestle India is its chocolate and confectionery division. Being typically Asian, Indian workers in the company work altogether and collectively. Indians, like the rest of the other Asian nations tend to increase their interactions with one another, as with any other Asians, collectivism and group participation is an important aspect of work and interaction. On the other hand, being Western, the culture in the chocolate division of Nestle UK may not be as similar as the culture of Nestle India. This is because British employees, in general, are individualistic, independent, frank, and very open-minded individuals. Unlike the Indian employees, British employees may be somewhat more individual and more independent, thus, require less interaction from co-workers and other colleagues. British employees are performance-driven and goal-oriented, thus, chatting during working hours are not their required form of interaction in the working environment. This is further strengthened by the fact that Nestle UK is one of the dominating chocolate manufacturers in the United Kingdom, being part of the 3.6 billion Euros revenue of the UK chocolate market in 2004 (2005).   Another distinct data or characteristics that can be differentiated between the two branches of Nestle are the differences between their languages, religions, cultural beliefs, economy, politics, and social status. The major language of India is Hindi, while the major language spoken by the British citizens is English. The major religion of India is Hindu, while majority of the British citizens are Christians. In terms of cultural beliefs, Indian beliefs are rooted from their religion, Hindu, thus, their practices and values as well. This is also similar with the British, whos beliefs and cultural practices stem from Celtic and Christian beliefs. In terms of social, economic, and political status, India is considered a developing country, given its population and way of life, while the United Kingdom is regarded as one of the most powerful developed countries in the world. As such, in incidence of cross-cultural communication, discrimination, conflict, misunderstanding, and cultu ral ethnocentrism may exist.   In the event that a British national works in the Nestle India manufacturing plant, and vice versa, it can be assumed that problems and issues can be encountered, due to differences of approaches, culture, and language involved. In this regard, it can be assumed that changes in cross cultures may entirely affect business practices of an organization, even despite the influence and guidance of its mother company. This is because the approach of each Nestle company is customer-oriented, and based on the needs, preferences, and tastes of its consumers. In this regard, the sweetness, packaging, and taste of a particular chocolate confectionery in India, may be significantly different from the products in the United Kingdom. In addition, some products in the United Kingdom may not be present or available in India. 6. International Leadership Leadership style is a part of cultural distinctiveness. Among the western nations, American leadership style has been developed in the United States and the German leadership style embraced in Germany. France has it independent style. Likewise, in Asia a variety is present, and, Japan has promoted its independent distinctive style. Corporate leadership continues to be a quintessence of every nations old cultural legacy. UK follows a practical style of leadership. British leaders customarily stress upon social skills and practicality. Their courtesy, openness, self-discipline, and willpower are cultural assets. This guides them to be involved with interpersonal proficiency and advice. British leaders are more characteristic compared to their Portuguese or Spanish equivalents. Leaders are quite job-oriented and, reticent and courteous, thereby creating impersonal and proper settings for business dealings. In addition, British leaders possess a shorter-term viewpoint for their business development compared to the Swiss, Japanese and Germans. The leadership style of Italy, in contrast, has increased levels of autocracy with stress on the hierarchical pattern. Decision competencies are more focused on the top leadership, who is concerned with every facets of the business. 7. Case study of McDonalds operation in Europe The McDonalds Corporation is the largest food service operation in the world in terms of system-wide sales. At the beginning of 2000, it was operating more than 25,000 restaurants in 116 countries. A modest estimate of its current worldwide workforce would be around 1.5 million people, and 10 million people are estimated to have worked for the corporation since it was formed. More than one in ten Americans are considered to have got their first job at McDonalds, and it has now taken over from the US Army as having Americas largest job-training programme (Vidal, 1997 cited in Royle 2000, p. 16). It is an incredibly successful multinational and is expanding at a breath-taking rate. It plans to open between 2,500 and 3,200. In order to deal with different environmental factors in different countries, McDonalds has established a head office in every country where it operates. The head office in the United States still plays an important part in the decision-making. The U. S. head office regularly monitors the activities of its overseas operations. It has an international division, and its US consultants sometimes take part in European meetings. Meetings frequently take place between various European heads to discuss matters of cross-national importance (Royle, 2000). The structure of restaurant operation and administration in each country tends to follow similar pattern, but in some countries it appears to be more complicated than others. In some countries, some restaurants are operated as joint ventures or through holding companies. In most of the larger countries such as Germany and the UK, operations are usually split into several regions and are administered through regional offices in the major cities Royle, 2000). The heads of departments for each functional area are usually situated in the head offices (for example London and Munich), these functional areas being the executive, marketing, finance, personnel, purchasing, real estate, technical appliances and administration. Although there is a high level of central control, operations are normally administered directly from the regional offices. McDonalds system is very flexible in overcoming cultural, political and economic differences and obstacles in different societies (Royle, 2000). Fr anchise restaurants are local in the sense that they understand local issues, local culture and the kind of obstacles likely to confront the McDonalds system. Industrial relations, and specifically the relationship between the worker, the union, and the employer, vary dramatically from country to country. In Germany, for instance, codetermination is the rule. Here, employees have the legal right to a voice in setting company policies (Sims, 2002). The ability of trade unions to organize and gain recognition for collective bargaining at McDonalds varies considerably in different European countries.   In the case we see that culture has a tremendous impact on the operation of a multinational company McDonalds. The company operates worldwide. Although decision-making is still influenced by the head quarter in the United States, every country has a head office that deals with different issues particularly in the area of culture. We also see that the employees from different countries exhibit different values, attitudes and behaviours. These are derived from their culture. We see that McDonalds has become successful by implementing a localized strategy. The culture of the host country is taken into consideration. 8. Conclusion To conclude this leaders generally do not follow a single approach and they mix and match as per their needs and requirements. In critical situations, they are more dictatorial in nature as they face the prospect of failure. Leaders generally exhibit integrity, dedication (spending whatever time and energy that is required to get the job done, rather than giving it the available time), humility, openness (ability to understand new thoughts and ideas), and creativity . In order for business to be conducted smoothly, leaders need to aware of international cross cultural and need to adapt flexibly. Successful business leaders must shape their organizations to be more nimble and flexible, less hierarchical, and more networked. The fate of future business rests, in part, on how well business leaders can anticipate change, demonstrate authentic leadership, maximize the power of their talent, and embrace social responsibility. Todays leaders are already facing challenges and changes that are rapidly transforming where, how, and with whom they do business. Leaders who are adapting their strategies are merely keeping pace with change. A more strategic view of agility is about leaders anticipating trends and proactively defining innovative strategies.

Sweeney Todd :: essays research papers

Sweeney Todd is by no means a conventional musical; it takes several forms of music and theater and artfully places them together. Sondheim very effectively transports the audience back to Victorian England for a mad waltz with murder, mayhem...and meat pies. He also utilizes his skill as a choral composer to write some truly fascinating ensemble pieces accompanied by a very intricate plot with many elements carefully layered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several important thematic elements in this carefully written commentary on our society, and Sondheim makes good use of his music to accent not only the melodramatic plot, but these themes as well. For example, the song â€Å"Kiss Me† becomes an anthem for Anthony and Johanna and a symbol of their true love....they loved when they did not even know each other’s names. Sweeney Todd may be a dark musical, but its construction lends well to light voices and an equally light orchestral style. Plot-wise, this show is rather light, the characters seem cartoonish and one-dimensional, especially Mrs. Lovett, Anthony, and Johanna, who appear to be little more than melodramatic character roles. Ironically, Mrs. Lovett, the absolute capitalist, is one of the show’s most complex characters. Mrs. Lovett is not merely some amoral witch out to make a fast dollar, she is a character driven by greed and love to keep Sweeney however she can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the play gives an excellent example of captive innocence, and the loss of innocence that immediately follows. Sweeney is driven to murder, Mrs. Lovett bakes these people into pies, Johanna kills, Lucy is forced to become a Beggar and a whore, and nearly every major character experiences their own fall

Herbal Market

MALAYSIA HERBAL MARKET Currently, the value of global herbal market for nutraceuticals is at USD 70 billion and USD 20 billion for phytomedicines with an average growth rate between 15 to 20 percent annually. While the Malaysia herbal market is valued at RM 4. 55 billion 0f which 90 percent of the raw material used was imported. It is with this potential in mind that Malaysia’s herbal industry can be one of the agriculture Entry Point Projects under the National Key Economic Areas in the Economic Transformation Programme.According to the Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar, Malaysia's fast growing herbal industry is expected to contribute about RM2. 2 billion to Gross National Product (GNP) by 2020. While the world market for herbal products is expected to exceed RM2 trillion by 2020 from RM777 billion in 2009, the local herbal market was likely to grow 15 percent annually from RM7 billion in 2010 to about RM29 billion by 2020. Moreover, Malaysia h as been listed as the 12th most biodiversity nation in the world and ranks fourth in Asia.We have over 15,000 flowering plants and over 3000 species of medicinal plants in our rich biodiversity tropical rainforest. Of these about 200 are being used as herbal remedies and approximately 50 species are commonly used in traditional medicine preparation. Furthermore, Malaysians quite familiar for the uses of herbal products as our multi-ethnic communities have been practicing traditional medicine with herbal plants for centuries. In rural area, some of them still use poultices, myriad brews and pastes derived from herbal plants or used it for the purpose of physical ailments and beauty treatments.Therefore, upon realize the significance of herb, our government had given financial support to research work related to herbs in term of Intensified Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) grants, the focus areas by the National Biotechnology Directorate, as well as other grant schemes. For example, RM25 million had been allocated by the government for a local company to conduct clinical research on Tongkat Ali in order to securing approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).Our government also support the effort that try to make halal pharmaceutical products being proved by the Halal standard for the pharmaceutical industry in order to protect the interests of Muslim consumers and all consumers in general the world over. Not only these, certain implementations also have been taken in view of turning Malaysia into a global herbal producer. World Health Organization (WHO) consistently reported that 80% of the world’s population depends on herbal medicine. There also a growing trend of people moving from synthetic allopathic drugs to herbal cures.This is because consumers realize the importance of health versus diseases, the changes in lifestyle, the growing of synthetic medical cost, and the growing knowledge of consumers about traditional medicines. Many co nsumers have known that the effective of herbal cures are the results of thousands years of herbal healing framework development through practise and error, observation, analysis and study. Moreover, there have been some high profile natural based cures such as Taxol plant for breast cancer and the Bintangor plant for AIDS.In order to achieve the goal stated in the previous paragraph, the highest standard of manufacturing should be included to be able to compete in terms of quality, safety, efficacy, pricing, and branding of products, as well as efficient distribution network and meeting international health certification standards. We also need to increase the domestic consumption by strengthen the domestic demand for Malaysian health foods and medicine besides reduce reliance on imported medicine, according to the speech by TAN SRI NOR MOHAMED YAKCOP.The ministry of health also has been diligently monitoring the herbal products in the market as well as conducted random sampling of herbal products to ensure that the standards of these products remain the same as the specified standards registered by the manufacturers. Notable markets for Malaysians herbal producer are USA, Europe, China, Japan and the Middle-east countries. This is important to ensure that our herbal product to penetrate the global export market.