Friday, September 4, 2020

ASEAN essays

ASEAN papers ASEAN, The Association of South East Asian Nations was framed on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, just to be joined by Brunei Darussalam in 1984, Vietnam in 1995, Laos ASEAN was framed to accelerate the development of the economy, social advancement The exercises completed by ASEAN are arranged by the distinctive part nations. As the ecological contamination is an issue, part nations plan exercises that manage natural issues, have gatherings, hold camps and hold a Green Week related to World Environment Day, to give some examples. The delegates from the part nations hold gatherings during the time in the different nations around the world. In any case, the greater part of these gatherings are held in Asia. They likewise participate in courses and workshops on transport, psychological warfare and such. These gatherings are typically founded on the Transnational Issues that ASEAN is worried about. These Transnational Issues are the Environment, Transboundary Haze, Transnational Crime ASEAN keeps close relations with different nations by having every part nation to facilitate with the other various nations that don't have a place in ASEAN. These different nations are Australia, China, European Union (EU), Canada, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Russia and the United States of America. This coordination is held in multi year cycles, pivoting between the part nations to go about as organizers. ASEAN likewise holds meetings with the vario ... <!

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Deterioration of the English Language

Word Count: 1,237 Denise Moreno Professor Carlene Coury English 120 13 April 2013 Deterioration of the English Language The English language is by all accounts weakening increasingly more every day. Such a large number of models can be given to legitimize this perception. Three unique journalists have called attention to certain instances of the butchering of the language. Martha Brokenbrough states that the steady utilization of texting language and internetism can positively be a decent method to reshape the manner in which we convey. Simultaneously she composes it can likewise influence the manner in which we convey appropriately and professionally.Author, George Orwell, talks about how we have created words in the English language to mask the genuine importance for political causes. Orwell calls attention to that we cover what we genuinely need to state, and simultaneously, we confound the peruser by not comprehending what we compose. Speech specialist, Clark Whelton, called atte ntion to that ambiguity is a developing issue in our mom language; consequently, understudies don’t realize how to quit being unclear while attempting to convey. Despite the fact that each of the three authors make various focuses about English rotting as a language, they all agree in the reason for this issue, laziness.Martha Brokenbrough states â€Å"So the key with Internetisms is to realize when it's alright to utilize them, when it's not alright, and when not utilizing them will make you look clueless† (149). Brokenbrough underlines that utilizing texting dialect isn't terrible, and it is proper in explicit time and places, be that as it may, not knowing where and when to utilize this language, can create turmoil and make you look silly. LOL is an exceptionally normal expression to hear these days, however when one goes to a prospective employee meeting and can’t convey a discussion without utilizing any of these shortened forms, it isn't just unsuitable ye t disrespectful.The alternate ways we use might be making us look languid and idiotic when utilized at a court or a doctor’s office as models. LMAO appears to be rude and infantile when utilized at these spots. This kind of language is, be that as it may, fundamental while messaging and visiting on the planet today to be viewed as hip and ordinary. One thing that is imperative to recollect is to realize when to utilize the texting dialect and when to not utilize it as the creator claims. All the more critically, she clarifies that it doesn't take that any longer to utilize the right words when required with the goal that others don't think one is dumb.Knowing when to utilize all these internetisms can spare us shame and cause us to appear to be cool whenever utilized effectively. â€Å"Most individuals who waste time with the issue at all would concede that the English language is bad, yet it is commonly accepted that we can't by cognizant activity take care of it†(446 ). In this statement, George Orwell expresses that it isn't that we don’t realize how to appropriately convey our thoughts, however we decide to fail to address it to address it. There are a ton of pointless words that political scholars will in general use when needing to be hazy however with the goal of causing compositions to appear as clear as water.Orwell makes reference to certain kinds of these superfluous words: kicking the bucket allegories, verbal bogus appendages, vainglorious style, and unimportant words. Kicking the bucket representations â€Å"are simply utilized on the grounds that they spare individuals the difficulty of creating phrases for themselves†(448). The writer is clarifying that occasionally recorded as a hard copy there are a great deal of reused articulations that we as a whole use for the most part instead of searching for our own and being unique. What verbal bogus appendages do is that they â€Å"save the difficulty of selecting proper a ction words and things, and simultaneously cushion each sentence with additional syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry†(449).This quote is alluding to the words we will in general use as fillers and again are futile to use in a sentence. Verbal bogus appendages are words that the author can manage without so as to bode well. Pompous lingual authority are words that are â€Å"used to spruce up basic articulations and give a demeanor of logical unprejudiced nature to one-sided judgments†(449). Words like â€Å"phenomenon† and â€Å"effective† become acclimated to seek after the author to accept the one-sided musings you might need to get across.Finally, aimless words are â€Å"strictly unimportant as in they not exclusively don't highlight any discoverable item, yet are scarcely ever expected to do as such by the reader†(450). Utilizing these sort of words is just acceptable to convince the peruser into accepting things that aren’t implied by the essayist. These words are instances of terrible decisions while composing and by and by a case of apathy. Orwell accentuates that essayists wrongly use every one of these words to communicate, however actually they simply end up not having the option to convey what it was they truly needed to state. Playbacks and self-citing (He resembled, â€Å"Where would you say you are going? † and I resembled, â€Å"I'm going to work†) are the most sturdy manifestations of ambiguity, and may discover lasting homes in 21st century English†(Whelton, standard. 14). This specific statement by the speech specialist, Clark Whelton, features the most widely recognized way English has gotten ambiguous. â€Å"Whoa, that is so wow† â€Å"well, as yeah† and â€Å"I mean like, you know† are instances of unclear talking and the loss of appropriate English. Whelton brings up that more youthful individuals, in any event, having moved on from school, come up short on a feeling of polished methodology and great open verbal skills.He states that it is so regular to hear individuals communicate for themselves with â€Å"self-citing, playbacks of past discussions, ‘up talking’ (finishing decisive sentences with an inquisitive ascent), and run-on sentences†(Whelton, standard. 2). The models given are practically identical with ways a kid would convey. In the wake of utilizing these negative behavior patterns of correspondence again and again, there is no uncertainty that realizing how to appropriately carry on a discussion vanishes off the changeless memory. The writer suggests that if the issue of unclearness had been revised at an early age, dubiousness itself would have been much more contained than it is now.Along with Brockenbrough and Orwell, Whelton has implied that authors today have absence of had an independent perspective, otherwise called apathy. Utilizing contractions identified with texting, words that h ave no definite importance or utilized as fillers, or straightforward dubiousness, for example, â€Å"like†, isn't right when needing to convey in formal or expert manner. Not exclusively would utilizing these kinds of easy routes make one look idiotic yet additionally lethargic. Having the right abilities to impart verbally or in composed structure is as significant as realizing how to coordinate a garments outfit.One is under the conviction that utilizing internetisms is going to spare time, however tragically, that is just a fantasy. In all actuality utilizing alternate ways spares just seconds that can have the effect in seeming imbecilic, languid, or clever. To sound recognized by utilizing outlandish or aimless words, one may use as cushioning for our confounding composition, can make one seem moronic and sluggish also. Being ambiguous doesn't help anybody in attempting to obviously convey what they genuinely need to state; it just makes individuals look silly and slugg ish.All taking all things together, the three essayists concur that nobody ought to decide on simple efficient contractions, counterfeit extravagant words, or unclearness that plagues us, to impart appropriately and not be thought of being an imbecilic, apathetic, whimsical individual. Works Cited Brockenbrough, Martha. â€Å"Does IM make U Dum? †. The Conscious Reader twelfth ed. Longman2012. 148-151 Print. Orwell, George. â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. The Conscious Reader twelfth ed. Longman2012. 445-457 Print. Whelton, Clark. â€Å"Vague-Talking and the Loss of English. † MINDING THE CAMPUS, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 25 March 2013.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Free Essays on Ducati

Ducati Motor Holding got its beginning in 1926, when the Ducati siblings established a little electrical apparatus business in suburbia of Bologna Italy. By the 1950’s, Ducati was fabricating a lot more grounded and quicker cruisers. It was soon after the creation of this cycle Fabio Taglioni’s newly discovered valve gear framework changed the future for Ducati. His valve gear framework permitted motors to run progressively effective while including pull. Prevalent execution has been the sign of Ducati for a considerable length of time. Since the mid fifty’s numerous progressions were made to Ducati cruisers to improve their exhibition. Another bicycle, the 750 V-twin, scored a thrilling and unforeseen triumph in the Imola 200 and propelled the Ducati V-twin line. All through over fifty years of prevalent building, rivalry, testing, and bleeding edge Italian structure, Ducati has manufactured a suffering cruiser inheritance. With its essential branch situated in Bologna Italy, Ducati works in superior bikes. Just selling on normal 600,000 units for every year Ducati figures out how to make 408 million dollars yearly. Bike deals are by all account not the only supporter of Ducati’s income nonetheless. Ducati likewise sells superior new parts, embellishments and attire, and motor deals. Ducati anyway didn't generally have such a high level of benefits. In 1995 Ducati endured a gigantic finical emergency. When an adjustment in control was made, deals quadrupled. Being in the superior cruiser industry, Ducati has numerous contenders. A fascinating reality is that Ducati doesn't consider Harley Davidson as a contender. One bit of leeway that Ducati has on the remainder of its rivals is client dedication. This truly implies two out of three individuals that have purchased a Ducati bike will come back to Ducati when they are prepared to buy once more. Ducati offers its representatives a wide range of advantages, such advantages as full clinical, eye, and dental plans. ... Free Essays on Ducati Free Essays on Ducati Ducati Motor Holding got its beginning in 1926, when the Ducati siblings established a little electrical machine business in suburbia of Bologna Italy. By the 1950’s, Ducati was constructing a lot more grounded and quicker cruisers. It was soon after the creation of this cycle Fabio Taglioni’s recently discovered valve gear framework changed the future for Ducati. His valve gear framework permitted motors to run increasingly effective while including torque. Prevalent execution has been the sign of Ducati for a considerable length of time. Since the mid fifty’s numerous progressions were made to Ducati cruisers to improve their presentation. Another bicycle, the 750 V-twin, scored a shocking and startling triumph in the Imola 200 and propelled the Ducati V-twin line. All through over fifty years of unrivaled building, rivalry, testing, and front line Italian structure, Ducati has fabricated a suffering cruiser inheritance. With its essential branch situated in Bologna Italy, Ducati works in superior cruisers. Just selling on normal 600,000 units for every year Ducati figures out how to make 408 million dollars yearly. Bike deals are not by any means the only supporter of Ducati’s income be that as it may. Ducati likewise sells elite new parts, extras and attire, and motor deals. Ducati anyway didn't generally have such a high level of benefits. In 1995 Ducati endured a gigantic finical emergency. When an adjustment in control was made, deals quadrupled. Being in the elite bike industry, Ducati has numerous contenders. A fascinating certainty is that Ducati doesn't consider Harley Davidson as a contender. One bit of leeway that Ducati has on the remainder of its rivals is client dependability. This actually implies two out of three individuals that have purchased a Ducati cruiser will come back to Ducati when they are prepared to buy once more. Ducati offers its representatives a wide range of advantages, such advantages as full clinical, eye, and dental plans. ...

A Real Life Episode Professor Ramos Blog

A Real Life Episode As I read Womans Hollering Creek, a short story composed by writer Sandra Cisneros, I perceived a typical issue between the fundamental character Cleofilas and her recently marry Juan Pedro. This issue, is household misuse, and is one of the all the more drifting issues in our present reality. It is characterized as practices that hurt, keeping an accomplice from doing what they wish, or compelling them to act in manners they don't need. Only as of late as indicated by CNN, NFL Star Kareem Hunt was seen punching and hitting a lady in the lift. There was no sign on why, yet this would surely affect Kareem’s future. His group, the Kansas City Chiefs had deferred him and NFL had suspended him for 8 games for the 19-20 season. It’s clear and evident that with household misuse comes numerous results. Besides, in the wake of having the possibility of abusive behavior at home, we will return our concentration to the short story â€Å"Woman’s Hollering Creek.† It starts with the marriage of the principle character Cleofilas and her adoration Juan Pedro. As Cleofilas is getting hitched, her dad advises her, â€Å"I am your dad, I will never surrender you†,(Cisneros 43), which will bode well later in her life. Growing up, Cleofilas was inexperienced with amusement or anything energizing. This would make Cleofilas exceptionally inquisitive and anxious to find out about how to be a mother. The issue emerges, when her significant other Juan would continually beat her and exploit her. Cleofilas didn’t act, since she thought there was nothing she could do. So as to increase some mindfulness, she chose to begin sitting in front of the network shows. In one network show, â€Å"Tu O Nadie, â€Å"You or No One,† clarifies about how a spouse, Lucia Mendez, ne eds to endure continually adoring her better half. As expressed, †The excellent Lucia Mendez needs to endure a wide range of hardships of the heart, detachment and selling out, and adoring, continually cherishing regardless, in light of the fact that that is the most significant thing.†(Cisneros 44). This would strike Cleofilas in light of the fact that Juan shows no intrigue, yet she despite everything needs to endure his beatings yet adores him. This made Cleofilas understand that these shows were extremely exact, and that her life ought to be indistinguishable from these TV programs. In this way, Cleofilas would watch these shows each night, wanting to increase a superior point of view. On to a point where these scenes, would begin transforming her. Presently when Juan would get back home alcoholic and beat her, she would comprehend that she expected to act. Cleofilas started to figure, how would I keep on living with this man? This man, as expressed, â€Å"he despises this crappy house and is going out where he won’t be messed with the baby’s wailing. (Cisneros 49). It was currently time for her to demonstration, like the TV scenes that she had watched, where, she the lady, was responsible for her own life and choices. Along these lines, Cleofilas chose to remove her Juan Pedrito and move from Juan. She was sick of continually being utilized and beaten for Juan’s advantage. As Cleofilas is leaving she recollects her father’s line, â€Å"I am your dad, I will never relinquish you.† It sounds good to her now as a dad may not surrender his child, however a child and mother surely can. Along these lines carries us to the contention whether Cleofilas ought to have left Juan. I believe that leaving Juan, was the proper activity for Cleofilas. It’s hard for a mother to bring up a child with no help. Juan over and over demonstrated that he is egotistical and couldn't care less about Cleofilas or her own preferences. As expressed, â€Å"In open, he giggles uproariously, curses like a man, and requests each course of supper to be served on a different plate like at his mother’s when he returns home, on schedule or late, and who doesn’t care at all about Cleofilas love for music, telenovelas, or romance.† (Cisneros 48). Likewise, Cleofilas needs to endure consistent beatings from Juan, for no specific explanation. As expressed, â€Å"He had tossed a book. Hers. From over the room. A hot welt over the cheek.† (Cisneros 52). For what reason would somebody even need to bring up a child around an individual like Juan? For Cleofilas, she stay ed with him for quite a while on the grounds that she didn't comprehend what to do. When she stared at the TV programs she picked up information and acknowledged what sort of individual he genuinely was and concluded it was best for her to take the Juan Pedrito and head off to some place better. Another significant factor of this local maltreatment circumstance is the way that Cleofilas kid, Juan Pedrito was additionally an observer. As per an article from Womens Health, kids who experience abusive behavior at home, are additionally casualties of misuse. They can have long haul physical and psychological wellness issues. Likewise, these youngsters are at a more serious danger of demonstrating brutality in their future connections. At a youthful age, Juan Pedrito was encountering his dad reviling and utilizing viciousness against Cleofilas. This clarifies why there are numerous children who are battling in our reality. As a parent, it’s our obligation to be a good example for our children. We have to set the way and not let our resentment hinder their future. Local maltreatment is something that will never be endured in our general public. For Cleofilas, she settled on the right choice to move away from Juan Pedro. Juan obviously demonstrated that he appreciates exploiting Cleofilas, and couldn't care less about her life. In our general public today, aggressive behavior at home is something that influences numerous connections. Numerous relationships likewise end up in divorces, which can have a negative impact. This impact can be that these children should grow up not seeing their dad or mom. Our general public needs to understand that affection is something amazing, and accompanies numerous duties. There are numerous approaches to go up against your accomplice, without utilizing physical action.â WORKS CITED Cisneros, Sandra. Lady Hollering Creek. Bloomsbury, 2004. CNN. NFL suspends Kareem Hunt https://www.cnn.com/recordings/us/2019/03/16/nfl-suspends-kareem-chase wire-ndwknd-bts-vpx.cnn Office On Womens Health. Impacts of aggressive behavior at home on youngsters. https://www.womenshealth.gov/connections and-wellbeing/abusive behavior at home/impacts aggressive behavior at home youngsters

Friday, August 21, 2020

Phobia :: essays research papers

Fears: Irrational Fear Dread of statures, dread of the number â€Å"13,† dread of bugs, dread of little spaces. These feelings of dread are viewed as fears. While there are numerous reasons for fears, one hypothesis utilizes the idea of readiness in Pavlovian molding. This is a manner by which individuals figure out how to respond to specific improvements.      Scientist and abehaviorist, Pavlov, first found this molding while at the same time trying different things with hounds. He could dependably anticipate that canines would salivate when food was set in the mouth through a reflex called the â€Å"salivary reflex† in assimilation. However he before long understood that, after time, the salivary reflex happened even before the food was advertised. What Pavlov found was first request molding. In this procedure, an unbiased upgrade that causes no common reaction in a life form is related with an unconditioned boost, an occasion that consequently or normally causes a reaction. This standard affiliation makes the reaction the unconditioned improvement, the unconditioned reaction, to move to the impartial boost. The unconditioned improvement no longer should be there for the reaction to happen within the sight of the once unbiased boost. Given that his reaction isn't common and must be scholarly, the reaction is currentl y a molded reaction and the unbiased improvement is presently an adapted boost. Thus, certain people are more prepared to get familiar with certain things simpler than others are. This capacity is known as readiness. In Pavlov’s explore the tone was the impartial improvement that was related with the unconditioned upgrade of food. The unconditioned reaction of salivation turned into an adapted reaction to the recently molded upgrade of the tone.      Considering the two fears: dread of the number â€Å"13† and dread of statures, the last is destined to have been delivered by Pavlovian molding. This is because of the way that more individuals are probably going to have gotten readiness to fear this. There are various stories and films that add to this unreasonable dread. Henceforth, individuals are additionally ready to acknowledge the molding and become scared of high places. This would not be difficult to condition into anybody, since it is so usually dreaded. Likewise, the dread of the number â€Å"13† is substantially more nonsensical than a dread of statures. Tumbling from a high spot is significantly more likely than being harmed by a number. In this manner, readiness and Pavlovian molding in all likelihood caused a dread of statures.      In end, fears can happen through various causes, however Pavlov found one hypothesis. Fear :: expositions explore papers Fears: Irrational Fear Dread of statures, dread of the number â€Å"13,† dread of creepy crawlies, dread of little spaces. These feelings of trepidation are viewed as fears. While there are numerous reasons for fears, one hypothesis utilizes the thought of readiness in Pavlovian molding. This is a manner by which individuals figure out how to respond to specific boosts.      Scientist and abehaviorist, Pavlov, first found this molding while at the same time trying different things with hounds. He could dependably foresee that canines would salivate when food was put in the mouth through a reflex called the â€Å"salivary reflex† in processing. However he before long understood that, after time, the salivary reflex happened even before the food was advertised. What Pavlov found was first request molding. In this procedure, an unbiased boost that causes no regular reaction in a life form is related with an unconditioned upgrade, an occasion that consequently or normally causes a reaction. This standard affiliation makes the reaction the unconditioned improvement, the unconditioned reaction, to move to the nonpartisan boost. The unconditioned improvement no longer should be there for the reaction to happen within the sight of the once in the past unbiased boost. Given that his reaction isn't normal and must be educated, the reaction is currently a molded reaction and the impartial upgrade is presently an adapted boost. Consequently, certain people are more prepared to gain proficiency with certain things simpler than others are. This capacity is known as readiness. In Pavlov’s try the tone was the impartial improvement that was related with the unconditioned boost of food. The unconditioned reaction of salivation turned into a molded reaction to the recently adapted improvement of the tone.      Considering the two fears: dread of the number â€Å"13† and dread of statures, the last is well on the way to have been created by Pavlovian molding. This is because of the way that more individuals are probably going to have gotten readiness to fear this. There are various stories and films that add to this nonsensical dread. Henceforth, individuals are additionally ready to acknowledge the molding and become scared of high places. This would not be difficult to condition into anybody, since it is so generally dreaded. Additionally, the dread of the number â€Å"13† is substantially more silly than a dread of statures. Tumbling from a high spot is substantially more likely than being harmed by a number. Accordingly, readiness and Pavlovian molding in all likelihood caused a dread of statures.      In end, fears can happen through various causes, however Pavlov found one hypothesis.

Wednesday, August 12, 2020

The Last All-Nighter

The Last All-Nighter The night before graduation, I was about to turn in for a good nights sleep so that I could wake up early the next day to figure out how to pack for the event under my regalia. But a fateful gchat with Chris 09, cofounder of  Lingt  and inventor of the iDoor, which I lived behind one summer and used to let my cat in and out when I was away,  tumbled all these plans, only to build loftier ones in their place. As we reminisced over our shared ambitions of livestreaming graduation from our hats, I realized I didnt have to reminisce just yet, and pranced off to a machine shop in the A.M. after finding out about Justin.TVs livestreaming app, which sadly did not exist during Chriss graduation. Lesson 1: Unless youve strategically exploited the UROP system for machine shop access (I did this freshman year), none of the good shops are available after midnight. My dreams of a sleek, servo-mounted, milled phone dock with an integrated charging cable were shattered. Eventually,  I did find a barely functional, rickety drill press with a broken table in the EC basement. It puttered so slowly that I had to really simplify the rig, which ended up consisting of a bit of duct tape, two elastic hair ties, and a few pathetic scroungings from the emptied-out machine shops: a scrap of discarded 11 steel angle, two screws, and five hex nuts, whose flat sides I used to constrain the phone on my mortarboards y-axis. Also, about fifteen bobby pins to keep the dang thing on my head. I spent the rest of the night getting the various paraphernelia I was going to smuggle into graduation in order (my real camera, spare batteries, memory cards, beach balls), and did some tests to check battery drain and streaming quality. Video drains my phone battery like crazy, thus the solar charger, which actually had to be screened by three different people when I went to check in for graduation. Staff: Whats that? Me: Its a solar charger. Staff: What does it do? Me: er, Im sorry, what do you mean by that? Staff: Like, what does it do. Me: it collects solar energy, and uses it to charge things. Staff: Ill have to check with my supervisor. Because, you know, 9/11. Me: Did you actually just say that. The setup was surprisingly sturdy and usable; I was able to reliably holster or unholster my phone one-handed in about five seconds even in my bleary-eyed state. Occams Razor FTW. This was empirically tested many, many times over the course of graduation, as the livestream connection died repeatedly thanks to  the 4000 or so phones clogging 3G and wifi, and I had to use my phone for phone things as well. I resorted to normal video for most of the key moments (at least until my battery died), which I have posted below. If you have ever met me, you will know that I am extremely short; that worked out well for this video as my height + hat height + phone height = normal person height. As you may have noticed, MIT graduations are known for their weird mortarboards, which are usually related to the mortarboard-wearers major in some way. Below is a shot of Susan Hockfield staring with barely restrained awe at Norataur (photo cred: Noel Morales), whom you may otherwise know as Nora, previously featured in my post How Wrestling With Snapping Turtles Can Get You Into MIT. At the EECS post-graduation reception, some MITERS showed up with tiny go-karts, because why not. Not long after graduation, I flew off for vacation and am currently writing this post from Paris. After I get back, Ill be starting as a software developer at Bluefin Labs, an ex-Media Lab project that turned into a Cambridge-based startup and now serves up TV analytics using a really interesting combination of machine vision, natural language processing, and social data. Thank you to everyone who made the last four years amazing! Its been real. Post Tagged #Commencement

Wednesday, June 24, 2020

Truth, Justice, and the Greek Way - Literature Essay Samples

In Sophocles’ Electra the driving force behind the plot is the notion of achieving justice outside of a formal justice system. The play shows how seeking justice can quickly turn into plotting revenge. Without any formal authority, cycles of violence quickly develop as tit for tat justice is played out among rival factions. The thin line between justice and vengeance is one that the characters in â€Å"Electra† tread. Despite all of the horrible deeds that transpire in the plot, all of the characters feel that they are in the moral right. This leads to the question of how justice is best served, and who has the right to determine what that justice is. As a modern audience we must ask ourselves if the outcome of the play conforms to what we would consider a fair system of justice. The culminating event in the plot of the play is a brutal home invasion that leads to a double homicide. If we saw an event like this played out on the news we would be aghast at the bar barity of such a vile act, but in the context of the play we are meant to view this as a triumph for Electra and Orestes. The chorus joyously sings out, â€Å"O seed of Atreus: you suffered and broke free, you took aim and struck; you have won your way through to the finish† (2004-2008). If we are to believe that this is a joyful event then we have to reconcile this with a set of circumstances that allows us to change our view from the one we held in the news story situation. The facts we have to work with in this case come in the form of the information we receive in the play. Electra and Orestes clearly feel that they are justified in the murders of their mother and Aegisthus. The siblings believe that Clytemnestra and Aegisthus should be killed to avenge the death of their father, Agamemnon. Agamemnon’s death came as a result of domestic violence involving an axe, another crime we would label as heinous if we had read about it in the newspaper. If this informa tion was all we had to work with then we might be forced to concede that Clytemnestra and Aegisthus were deserving of punishment, but there are other facts to consider. When Electra confronts her mother in front of their home, Clytemnestra tries to defend her actions against Agamemnon. Clytemnestra blames Agamemnon for the death of their third daughter, and rightly so. â€Å"For this father of yours, this one you bewail, this unique Greek, had the heart to sacrifice your own sister to the gods† (707-710). Agamemnon did sacrifice his own daughter to save his fleet. Clytemnestra saw justice in Agamemnon’s death just as Electra and Orestes had later seen justice in Clytemnestra’s death. â€Å"Your father got his death from me. From me! That’s right! I make no denial. It was Justice who took him, not I alone† (703-705). Clytemnestra clearly has a point. If Electra is willing to kill Clytemnestra over a father’s death then why shouldn†™t Clytemnestra be willing to kill Agamemnon over a daughter’s death? Or for that matter, why shouldn’t Aegisthus’ relatives feel justified if they wish to kill Orestes for his crimes? These shades of gray offered up in the play further the contention that revenge v. justice constitutes the key theme in the work. As illustrated by Sophocles’ play, it is readily apparent that attempts to achieve justice without any formal guidelines or laws quickly degenerate into a self-sustaining cycle of death. If everyone who lost a family member to murder went out and perpetrated the same crime against the killer then soon no one would be left. This eye for an eye mentality is clearly what Orestes takes for justice when he says, â€Å"You shall not die on your own terms. I will make it bitter for you. And let such judgment fall on any who wish to break the law: kill them! The evil were less† (1998-2003). In Ancient Greece there was no formal system of l aw set up to deal with this type of situation until long after the death of Agamemnon. In its absence the characters in the play depend on the same thing people in Ancient Greece did namely, the Gods. The Gods play an important role in Electra. Even though they never come on-stage as actual characters there are numerous occasions of them being invoked by one of the on-stage characters. Electra prays every day to the Gods, begging for Orestes arrival and the revenge that will follow. â€Å"I pray the great god of Olympus give them pain on pain to pay for this!† (280-283). Clytemnestra gives offerings to the Gods after her disturbing nightmare about Agamemnon. â€Å"I will offer prayers to this our king and loosen the fears that hold me now. Do you hear me Apollo? I call you my champion!† (857-860). The chorus even advises Electra not to waste her life trying to obtain revenge against Clytemnestra and Aegisthus because the Gods will seek Agamemnon’s reven ge when they see fit. â€Å"Zeus is still great in heaven, he watches and governs all things. Leave this anger to Zeus: it burns too high in you† (234-236). The characters see the Gods as judge and jury rolled into one. If you accept the Gods as the final arbiters of what is right and just then in some ways Electra and Orestes would be right in killing Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. When Agamemnon killed his daughter he did it as a sacrifice to Artemis, who was displeased with him over the death of a deer that was near to her. It was Artemis’ will that Agamemnon sacrifice his daughter, so what he did was just. He did not murder his daughter, he offered her up to the Gods. If this logic is accepted as fact then Clytemnestra had no justification for killing Agamemnon because he had done nothing wrong, at least in the eyes of the Gods. This unjust killing would then give justification to Electra and Orestes when they carried out their murder plots. The justice system that is touted in the play is this justice of the Gods, which leads to the play’s conclusion that what has transpired is cause for celebration. While this conclusion may have worked for the audience Sophocles was writing for, it does not ring as true for audiences now. Modern society would agree with Clytemnestra’s point of view about the sacrifice of her daughter, but it definitely would not respond in the same way. Modern society would also find merit in Electra’s claims against her mother, but again, it is hard to accept the actions she took to correct her mother’s misdeeds. The idea and meaning of justice have arguably evolved beyond the standards any of the play’s characters hold. To a modern audience this is not a celebratory tale, but a cautionary one about the difference between justice and revenge. The lesson we learn from this play is not the same one audiences in Sophocles era did. Works CitedSophocles. Electra.Trans. Anne Carso n. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry

An alkoxide is an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from a hydroxyl group of alcohol when reacted with a metal. It is the conjugate base of alcohol. Alkoxides have the formula RO- where R is the organic substituent from the alcohol. Alkoxides are strong bases and good ligands (when R is relatively small). Generally, alkoxides are unstable in protic solvents, but they do occur as reaction intermediates. Transition metal alkoxides are used as catalysts and to prepare coatings. Key Takeaways: Alkoxide An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Example Sodium reacting with methanol (CH3OH) reacts to form the alkoxide sodium methoxide (CH3NaO). Preparation There are several reactions to alcohol that produce alkoxides. They may be made by reacting an alcohol with a reducing metal (e.g., any of the alkali metals), by reaction with an electrophilic chloride (e.g., titanium tetrachloride), using electrochemistry, or via a metathesis reaction between a sodium alkoxide and a metal chloride. Alkoxide Key Takeaways An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Sources Boyd, Robert Neilson; Morrison, Robert Thornton (1992). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780136436690.Bradley, Don C.; Mehrotra, Ram C.; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.Turova, Nataliya Y.; Turevskaya, Evgeniya P.; Kessler, Vadim G.; Yanovskaya, Maria I. (2002). The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 9780792375210.Williamson, Alexander (1850). Theory of Ætherification. Phil. Mag. 37 (251): 350–356. doi:10.1080/14786445008646627

Monday, May 18, 2020

Describe the Functionalist (Emile Durkheim), Conflict...

Describe the Functionalist, Conflict and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education. Education - A Functionalist Perspective Emile Durkheim proposed an explicitly functionalist explanation of the role of education in society. The major function/task of education was, according to Durkheim, the transmission of society s norms and values. Durkheim considered that all societies must have means of passing on their norms and values to the young. If they did not, they could not continue. Such transmission then is a functional prerequisite, and it is the educational system which has the job of carrying it out. Or at least this is so for modern industrial societies, says Durkheim. (In traditional societies - in pre-industrial†¦show more content†¦Indeed, the school is society in miniature; as such it demands that individuals follow rules of conduct so that the organization / school can continue to function and to carry out its responsibilities. Summary For Durkheim, modern education has two functions: - The MAJOR function is the transmission to the young of cultural norms and values. Here are included all manner of beliefs. - The teaching of skills so as to occupy a position in the modern division of labor. Education - A Conflict Perspective (Marxist) For Marxists, the analysis focuses upon the workings of the CAPITALIST economic system and the degree of conflict within society between social groups, notably between the ruling, capitalist class and the working class. The Education System is seen as a tool by which the working class are kept in their place, in a position of subservience, exploited and oppressed. They maintain that education reproduces the social class structure: or more simply education promotes the interests of a society s power elite and perpetuates a society s class divisions. They say this is accomplished by the Hidden Curriculum - where teachers insist on proper English and good manners from students with prosperous backgrounds because the teacher knows where they are headed. Lower status children are not encouraged to use these skills by the teachers and are destined for low status positions. Therefore they are blocked from higher education. Education - The InteractionistShow MoreRelatedEssay about Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory2741 Words   |  11 Pagesperspectives: the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective. Each perspective offers a variety of explanations about the causes of and possible solutions for social problems (Rubington Weinberg, 1995). Structural-Functionalist Perspective The structural-functionalist perspective is largely based on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to structural-functionalist, society is a systemRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesstudy of social interactions. It is a relatively new academic discipline which evolved in the early 19th century. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

The Criminal Justice System Is The Law Of The Land

The criminal justice system as a whole can be looked at in numerous ways depending on the sub category you want to approach, whether it be the federal law, law enforcement or correctional programs. In most eyes, the federal law is the law of the land and by that it provides a stable community of rules that everyone must follow with efficiency while providing public safety. With that comes the enforcement of the law, the most common being police. In essence majority of the united states looks at the police in a positive light as they are providing support to the community, controlling crime and making the areas we live at safer on a daily basis. Finally you have the correctional programs which provide imprisonment or probation for those who†¦show more content†¦After a brief introduction, James Comey states the FBI was looking into â€Å"whether classified information was improperly stored or transmitted on [Clinton’s] personal system in violation of the Federal statu te that makes it a felony to mishandle classified information either intentionally or in a grossly negligent way; or a second statute making it a misdemeanor to knowingly remove classified information from appropriate systems or storage facilities.† (Huffington Post ). With this, Hilary Clinton has broken three federal laws including the mishandling of classified information, the violation of the 2009 federal records act and the violation of the freedom of information act (FOIA). Executive Order 13526 and 18 U.S.C Sec. 793(f) of the federal code make it unlawful to send of store classified information on personal email. Casey Harper at The Daily Caller delved into this angle:By using a private email system, Secretary Clinton violated the Federal Records Act and the State Department’s Foreign Affairs Manual regarding records management, and worse, could have left classified and top secret documents vulnerable to cyber attack.This is just one example, where a politician h as broken multiple laws however at the end charges are dismissed and even with such predominant evidence of illegal activity warrants no criminalShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems in Egypt and in the United States Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesJustice System in Egypt and the United States Brian L. Goodman Daymar College Outline Abstract Introduction III. The Legal Systems A. The United States Legal System B. The Egypt Legal System IV. Types of Crimes V. Components of Justice System in the United States VI. Components of Justice System in Egypt VII. Crimes A. United States B. Egypt VIII. Notes IX. References Abstract Justice System in Egypt and the United States are similarRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Big Part Of Why We Have Order1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a big part of why we have order. If there was no criminal justice system and its components that keep it running, the population would run wild. There are three major components of the criminal justice system, the criminal courts, corrections, and law enforcement. These components help uphold the law and protect people from others who do break the law. The world is not perfect, but there have been many examples in real life and in literature and films that show whatRead MoreThe Criminal Justice Systems And The United States1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice systems in Bolivia and the United States have different structures with some similarities. I was born in La Paz Bolivia and we will be taking a look into Bolivia and the U.S’s governmental and criminal justice systems. Bolivia i s a republic with a democratic government. The U.S. also has a democratic government. The Napoleonic code (civil code) and Spanish law compose Bolivia’s legal system, whereas the US is based on common law. The U.S. and Bolivia may have their similaritiesRead MoreThe Round House By Louise Erdrich1352 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans’ land. The unfairness of this injustice led to the erosion of Indians’ rights, which has ultimately threatened their safety, especially women’s. In Louise Erdrich’s novel, The Round House, she indicates that understanding the lack of safety Native women face is vital in maintaining a civil community. Louise Erdrich reveals that physical and psychological safeties are essential aspects of society. Through her book, Erdrich expresses that safety should be a common law amongst societyRead MoreCultural Impacts Of Native American Culture1559 Words   |  7 PagesCulture is intertwined throughout out everything that Native Americans are. Their religion, way of survival, justice system, holistic views, and so much more, comprise their culture. Over the past 200 plus years, Native Americans have been subjected and forced to conform to European derived ideology. This has impacted Native Americans culture from a past, present, and future perspective. These perspectives will be addressed as well as combined into one. Native Americans have always been present throughoutRead MoreAn Impartial Jury On Criminal Prosecutions1694 Words   |  7 Pagesdefendants have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury during criminal prosecutions. Beginning in the mid-19th century, a jury was given the full responsibility to decide on the facts of the case (Sparf and Hansen v. United States), leaving the jury with the authority of determining whether a defendant is guilty or innocent of the charges placed upon him/her and the judge with the authority of determining the law (Lippman, p.279). This juries the jurisdiction of ultimate adjudication withoutRead MoreA Career in Criminal Justice1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthe land that the early Europeans had discovered. Then slowly has the land started industrialized and over populate, the cities had to start creating large paid groups of people to patrol the streets, which soon after were known as police officers. However, it is to be kept in mind that none of the people that were choice to patrol the streets for any trouble that might arise had some to no experience regarding law enforcement or policing. EDUCATION Educational programs in criminal justice areRead MoreAboriginal Customary Law1594 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal law had lasted for hundreds of years before white settlement of Australia in 1788. The laws were based from the Dreamtime and were formed by ancestors, spirits and Aboriginal beliefs. These laws were passed down by a word-of-mouth tradition and as there were many different tribes consisting of many clans spread out over a large area, separate laws were adapted to specific tribes and areas. Aboriginal customary laws were developed and based on the aboriginal relationship to the land as wellRead MoreThe American Justice System858 Words   |  4 Pagesways is the indigenous justice paradigm in conflict with the principles of the traditional, adversarial American criminal justice system? In what ways do the principles of Native American justice complement more mainstream correctional initiatives? Within the Criminal Justice system, comes a structure of both practices as well as organizations that main role is to uphold not only social jurisdiction, but to discourage and diminish criminal activity. The Criminal Justice system also sanctions thoseRead MoreCriminal Justice System The Criminal Justice System is made up of several different process law900 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice System The Criminal Justice System is made up of several different process law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections this system is where the accused individual are tried and punished for the crime they are charged with. The depiction of criminal justice system in throughout each process (police, courts, and correctional) has become ubiquitous on television today. Shows that give a visual of the arresting and investigation process (law enforcement) are the televisions shows

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations - 3154 Words

Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations: Jeremy Bentham is generally considered the father of Utilitarianism. As a doctrine that seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, Utilitarian thinkers, including Bentham, would approve of any organization or set of practices that have the tendency to do so. The United Nations is such an organization. Bentham firmly believed world governance was possible, at least under his utilitarian system (Pitts 212). â€Å"The community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members,† (Bentham 1823, 586). In this quote Bentham refers to how single communities are merely collections of individuals. Since the distinctions between individuals are arbitrary the only objective grouping of people is to include the entire world population. As Bentham saw borders as imagined, he would approve of the coming together of humanity that the United Nations fosters. With its border-crossi ng initiatives of conflict resolution and humanitarian aid, the United Nations is a source of good in the modern world and one that Bentham would endorse if he were here to do so, albeit with some concerns and recommendations. The United Nations’ primary goal stated in Article One, Section One of the organization’s charter is â€Å"[t]o maintain international peace and security†. So far as the United Nations achieves this goal, Bentham would be in complete approval as war and conflict are great causes of humanShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Liberty?1383 Words   |  6 Pagestwo parallel thoughts that ultimately lead to the same rhetoric. But, they are complete rivals politically, and philosophically. Within the two aspects you have several different philosophers and their contrasting views that follow. From Locke to Bentham and Mill these philosophers explain that there are many interpretations of what liberty is, and could be. When looking at history in retrospect the word liberty can almost be pinned to every event in some fashion. But, before you can understandRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal Punishment2176 Words   |  9 Pagesof these in China (1076), Iran (165), Saudi Arabia (103), and then the United States (98)† (NAAS, 43). The death penalty is currently an intense debate involving the idea of whether or not we as people should be able to sentence another person to death. According to the ethical and moral reasoning of the philosophers Jeremy Bentham, Peter Singer, and Hugo Bedau, the death penalty should not be a legal punishment. Jeremy Bentham lived from 1748-1832 and during his lifetime addressed the death penaltyRead MoreEssay on Varying Ideas on What Makes a Just Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesthe government controls fairly and appropriately. The two main positions that philosophers believe are resources in society should be distributed to obtain common good and live life as long as you do not infringe on others. The laws and rules the United States government currently has in place today often originate from these philosophers ideas and work to maintain a just society. The definition of a just society can be described as a society with equality and solidarity where everyone is treatedRead MoreUtilitarianism in Government1653 Words   |  7 Pagespromote happiness, wrong as it tends to diminish it, for the party whose interests are in question† (Bentham, 1780). To discover what we should do in a given situation, we identify the various courses of action that we could take, then determine any f oreseeable benefits and harms to all affected by the ramifications of our decision. In fact, some of the early pioneers of utilitarianism, such as Bentham and Mill, campaigned for equality in terms of womens suffrage, decriminalization of homosexualityRead MoreThe Privacy Of An Individual1700 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical theorist Jeremy Bentham once idealized a theory pertaining to an effective and democratic form of government, declaring that, â€Å"it is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.† The privacy of an individual is at its most a fundamental right to which one is entitled. Furthermore, the infringement of an individual’s privacy is rarely justified to any extent, even under circumstances with the purpose of protecting a nation because it deprivesRead MoreEssay about International Laws766 Words   |  4 PagesFirst coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognize d as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developingRead MoreZafiya Shamim UU2001547 Words   |  7 Pageshaving an extramarital affair to name a few. These expressions try to defend adultery as being guilt-free. However, some social conservatives are fighting for what they view as a serious article of faith for example criminal adultery laws. In the United States of America, in the 2010, people were still being prosecuted for breaching their marital vows. The laws were some of the last remnants of their puritanical past, in which adultery was treated as a criminal matter and not only a marital affairRead MoreProblem of Animal Abuse1017 Words   |  5 PagesPeople make cats blind, castrate them and pulverize their sense of smell. They cut their sexual organ’s nerves in order to check how they acquit in the sexual aspect. †¢ The animals vocal cords have been annihilate so they cannot scream. †¢ Just in the United States, 64,000,000 of these animals die annually in medical experiments. Do animals feel pain? Can other animals feel what humans do, which characteristics about pain we share? However, it is clear that animals and humans have resemblance, specificallyRead MoreIn Vitro Meat1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthey think of the sad commercials, or peta. Well there is more to it than that. There are tens of thousands of animal rights activists and organizations around the world, though relatively few are major players. Why is this? Why is it that we as a nation, heck even as a community will stand up for everything and anything except animals? They have feelings too, even if they can not show them like humans can, they still have them. They love, they mourn the loss of the ones they have known for a longRead MoreThe War Of The Golden Stool887 Words   |  4 Pagescountries at the time such as the start of the United States could revolt over a superpower like Great Britain. This important to understand because of the transition of power that we may see in our near future. As China starts to rise through the ladder of power and influence, this may bring a major challen ger to the field. By rising pass the United States, it is a possibility that China could fill the role of the next hegemonic nation. Even though the United States seems to have a firm grasp on the

Immigration Reformation Free Essays

Mexico’s immigration policies comprise single, streamlined laws that ensure that foreign visitors and immigrants are regimented. For a better picture, these include stern rules that these immigrants are in the country legally, that they are able to sustain themselves economically, that they do not become burdens to the society, that they are of good character and have no criminal records, and are contributors to the general wellbeing of the nation. In fact, immigration authorities compile records of each foreign visitor and assure that these visitors do not violate their visa status. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Reformation or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also banned from meddling with internal politics and those who violate the terms of their entry and who enter under false pretenses are imprisoned or deported (Lillpop). Indeed, the Mexican constitution strictly defines the rights of its citizens and as one may put it, the denial of may fundamental rights to non-citizens, legal or illegal. Though its law makes perfect sense, Mexico is pushing the United States to water down the latter’s immigration rules, when, in the first place, its own immigration restrictions are the toughest in the continent. However, also looking at Mexico’s points, El Paso asks the US government to stop raids and dividing American families insisting, â€Å"We are not the Enemy, We are Part of the Solution† (Garcia Camargo). The rally down in El Paso has emphasized the need for new immigration policies that provide means for immigrants residing in the United States to attain permanent residency. Some say Mexican leaders demanding from the United States immigration laws, which contradict its own. Some even say the agenda of Mexico for such demand is clear: to have a one-way immigration relationship with the United States. However, looking at a broader perspective, I believe Mexico only wants to impose stern rules with regards to foreigners to protect its citizens and the well being of its nations. United States, on the other hand, are trying to impose the same, now with opposition from the Mexicans. Who are directly affected here are those Southerners who live in US soil and vice versa. To avoid stepping on each other’s flags and more importantly to avoid misunderstanding between the neighboring countries, each much provide room for adjustments and meet halfway so as to grant the its citizens, foreign or not, just and humane rights even if they live in a soil foreign to their true nation. Works Cited Lillpop, John. â€Å"Immigration Reform? Lets Try Mexico’s Immigration Law. † 27 February 2007. Canada Free Press. 19 October 2007. http://www. canadafreepress. com/2007/lillpop022707. htm. Garcia, Fernando Camargo, Betty. â€Å"El Paso and Southern New Mexico Communities March and Rally for Just, Humane and Comprehensive Immigration Reform NOW! †. 6 April 2007. Border Network and Human Rights. 19 October 2007. http://www. bnhr. org/. How to cite Immigration Reformation, Papers

Management Accounting Business Responsebility Centers

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Business Responsebility Centers. Answer: Introduction A significant aspect of decentralised companies is responsibility centres. These centres are analysed on the grounds of different accounting figures like ROI, standard cost or divisional profit. One purpose of the management accounting mechanism is hence to tie a dollar value to transactions amidst various responsibility centres. Transfer price fits here as it is the price charged by companys one division from the other for the goods transferred to the latter (Holtzman and Nagel, 2014). The present report discusses transfer pricing, its different types and its use at length. Part A Transfer Pricing Defined In its essence, transfer pricing is a model of selling a product from one business unit or division of an organisation to other. Transfer price is basically the value charged for intra-company goods that the organisationalgroups purchase from one another. Coordinating the management of both the buying and selling decision is one of the primary purposes of transfer pricing. It is not essential that any money changes hands between the concerned segments (Schuster, 2015). The transfer price may just be utilised for the purpose of internal record keeping. It is revenue for the centre selling the products and expense for the one buying the products. The product which is transferred can be categorised on two measures. The first on is whether or not the product has a readily available outer market price. The second is whether or not the buying segment will sell it in the same form or will it turn into an input for the marketing divisions own manufacturing process (Ceteris, 2010). Purpose of Using Transfer pricing The below-mentioned reasons are the primaryobjectives of establishing transfer pricing scheme Yield separate revenue figures for every business unit and hence analyse the performance of every unit separately (Fernandes, Pinho and Gouveia, 2015). Assist in the synchronisation of manufacturing, pricing and sales decisions of the distinct business units. Through transfer prices, managers become aware of the value that their services and products carry for other divisions of the entity (OECD, 2009). It enables the firm to produce profit or cost data for every segment separately. Transfer price not only impacts the recognised profit for every division but also influences resource allocation. When transnational corporations move goods across international boundaries, transfer rates are appropriate in the computation of income taxes and are at times pertinent to legislative issues and global trade (Wittendorff, 2010). Different Types of Transfer Price Transfer at cost Entities employing transfer at cost method acknowledge that sales by global associates add to business profitability by yielding economies of scale in local manufacturing systems. This pricing method enables minimum duties. The firms making use of this approach do not expect a profit on transfer sale; instead, their expectation is related to their partner generating revenues by eventual sale (Drury, 2008). This transfer pricing method is used because companies presume that low costs will result in better performance of the partner, which eventually profits the whole company. Cost-plus pricing Organizations adopting the cost-plus pricing system believe in showing the profit accruing from any service or product at each stage of its movement through the company and its subsidiaries, business units or affiliates. This approach may lead to a price which may not be competitive or related to the demand in global markets. This is a widely used method because the management needs a projection of the long run marginal cost to make decisions (Chand, 2015). Market-based price This is obtained from the priceneeded to stay competitive in the global marketplace. This limitation in this method is cost. Nonetheless, there exists a significant amount of difference in the way cost is characterised. As with volume, cost usually reduces, a choice needs to be made between existing or planned levels of volume as the basis of pricing (Bakker, 2009). For employing this approach to penetrate a market which is very small with the intention of supporting local production, third nation sourcing might be needed. This allows the organisation to set up its franchise or name without having to invest in a physical set up. This is also suitable for a perfect market, where the products are homogeneous with the same price for both buyers and seller and no selling or purchasing costs. Adopting market-based transfer pricing in such a market matches the standards of a sound transfer price i.e. it will preserve divisional independence, will endorse consistent goal decisions and offer a consistent basis to evaluate performance (Muhammadi, Ahmed and Habib, 2016). Negotiated Transfer PricingIn this case, the company does not outline the rules for determining the transfer price. Business unit managers are motivated to negotiate a reciprocally satisfying transfer price. This approach is basically merged with free sourcing. However, in certain organisations, the head office holds the right to arbitrate the process of negotiation and enforce an adjudicated solution (Drury, 2008). In a market which is imperfect, transfer prices established at the planned or current market price do not tend to be the most favourable. In such situations, it is suitable to follow the negotiated approach. In cases of unused capacity, the range of transfer price negotiation usually falls between the maximum rate the buying segment is ready to pay and the minimum price at which the selling division is ready to sell (Rossing and Rohde, 2014). Part 2. (a) Transfer prices are based on total actual cost and not appropriated as the basis for divisional performance measurement because: As it do not leads to an optimal decision for the company. It provides small amount of incentive for sales department to control manufacturing costs as all the cost incurred will be recovered. (b) Calculation of contribution margin Data available: Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Transfer price from cleaning and scrapping 0 77 Direct Material 18 5 Direct Labour 12 10 Manufacturing Overhead 40 25 Total direct cost 70 117 Calculation of variable manufacturing overhead Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Total Manufacturing Overhead 40 25 75% variable in cleaning scrapping dept. 30 40% variable in processing division 10 Calculation of total variable cost Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Transfer price 77 Direct Material 18 5 Direct Labor 12 10 Variable Manufacturing Overhead 30 10 Variable Selling cost 5 0 Total variable cost 65 102 Calculation of selling price Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Price at which it can be sold in open market 95 160 Total selling price 95 160 Formula for contribution margin = Selling Price Product variable cost Selling Price Contribution Ratio Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Selling Price 100 160 Variable Cost 65 102 Contribution Margin 35 36.25 (c) Calculation of price range Normal markup per unit Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Processing Division Variable cost per unit 60 102 Fixed Overhead per unit 10 15 Variable selling cost 5 0 Total cost 75 117 Normal markup per unit 20 43 Market price per unit 95 160 Production capacity 400000 400000 Price range for cleaning and scrapping division As per the economic transfer pricing rule the minimum price is the marginal cost and the maximum price is fixed by the receiving department. $65 - $ 95 Price range for processing division As explained above regarding the rule of economic transfer pricing the minimum price will be calculated and the maximum price will include margin also. $75 - $160 (d) As the division is having an opportunity to sell goods externally instead of selling it to other department. The minimum transfer price would be cost plus their profit margin. In present case the normal profit markup is 10% of the cost. Calculation of lowest transfer price acceptable to cleansing scrapping division according to general transfer pricing rule Particular Cleaning and Scrapping Division Variable cost per unit 60 Fixed Overhead per unit 10 Variable selling cost 5 Total cost 75 Normal markup per unit 7.5 Market price per unit 95 Production capacity 400000 The selling variable cost will be included in case the goods are to be sold externally and not while selling goods to another division; as no selling variable cost is paid in that case. Conclusion In vertically integrated firms, there are mainly two segments, a manufacturing and a buying division. In such companies, there is a regular exchange of goods and services among their departments to facilitate business operations. Transfer pricing is hence, the internal prices of goods developed with two main purposes: coordination (to arrive at decisions most appropriate for the business), and profit allocation (for assessing segment profits and to measure performance. The paper also discussed the different types of transfer prices (Lin and Chang, 2010.). From the different types of transfer pricing techniques, the cost based approach is the most widely used and is followed by the market-based approach. Transfer pricing also becomes suitable in respect of legislative issues such as global trade disputes etc. References Bakker, A., 2009. Transfer Pricing and Business Restructurings: Streamlining All the Way. IBFD. Ceteris., 2010. Guide to International Transfer Pricing: Law, Tax Planning and Compliance Strategies. Kluwer Law International. Chand, S., 2015. 5 Types of Transfer Pricing Methods used in International Marketing. [Online]. Available through:https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/product-pricing/5-most-important-types-of-transfer-pricing-methods-used-in-international-marketing/5820/. [Accessed on 16th September 2016]. Drury, C., 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Cengage Learning EMEA. Fernandes, R., Pinho, C. and Gouveia, B., 2015. Supply chain networks design and transfer-pricing. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 26(1), pp.128 146. Holtzman, Y. and Nagel, P., 2014. An introduction to transfer pricing.Journal of Management Development, 33(1), pp.57 61. Lin, C. and Chang, H., 2010. Motives of transfer pricing strategies systemic analysis. Industrial Management Data Systems, 110(8), pp.1215 1233. Muhammadi, H. A., Ahmed, Z. and Habib, A., 2016. Multinational transfer pricing of intangible assets: Indonesian tax auditors perspectives. Asian Review of Accounting, 24(3), pp.313 337. OECD., 2009. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2009. OECD Publishing. Rossing, P. C. and Rohde, C., 2014. Transfer pricing: aligning the research agenda to organizational reality. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change. 10(3), pp.266 287. Schuster, P., 2015. Transfer Prices and Management Accounting. Springer Briefs in Accounting, 10. Wittendorff, J., 2010. Transfer Pricing and the Arm's Length Principle in International Tax Law. Kluwer Law International.

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Moms free essay sample

Moms: They can be a tad bit annoying at times, but even more when they think they know everything. Mine volunteered me for a job interview at the local Sonic. After telling her I was hired, she referred to it as â€Å"fantastic,† then called me â€Å"cute† the entire five-minute ride for my first day of work. Cute? No—bunnies are cute. What did I need a job for, anyway? I babysat almost once every week—sometimes twice—and made anywhere from one to two hundred dollars per month. At the time, I was being home schooled. During the day I would do my schoolwork, chores, and have free time to myself. I needed to focus on school—not a job. Luckily, working helped me pay for Lola, my baby guinea pig—also known as a â€Å"pup†Ã¢â‚¬â€who was practically everything to me at the time. Every other month I bathed her with guinea pig shampoo and conditioner, towel-dried her fur with her light blue hand towel, then I used a hair dryer to dry her fur more to prevent her from catching pneumonia. We will write a custom essay sample on Moms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides the hygiene items, Lola had a large rodent cage, pine wood chips, Premium Guinea Pig food containing daily servings of vitamins, proteins, and fiber, a food bowl, a guinea pig brush, a pillow to either chew or lay on, and since she was potty trained: a restroom. Because I had bought her with my own money from babysitting and such, and I fought so much to have her, I had to pay for anything and everything she needed. The â€Å"family† guinea pig, Patches, was also my responsibility, which meant the money spent on Lola was doubled. On average, I was spending approximately one hundred dollars monthly. In May, the expenses finally evened out. Another twenty dollars was spent, only this time, it was on a light brown and white long-haired guinea pig in which I named Hannah. Instead of them being doubled, the expenses were now tripled. Working at Sonic, as well as tending to the three guineas daily became a great hassle. It seemed as if I hadn’t any free time to myself—especially for schoolwork. As time passed by, it turned fragile: Lola was pregnant. My four year old brother, Christopher, had put Patches into her cage while my mom and I were in Mesquite. Pregnancy meant more money. I wanted to go shopping and by things for me, since I had spent so much on them already. Now, Lola needed vitamin C three times a day instead of just once or twice, and she needed to be watched as much as possible. Then again, Lola was my baby; I had raised her since she was only a few weeks old. Time progressed. Summer began. June went by quickly. Lola grew into an eggplant shape. Her due date was getting closer. Unfortunately, I was on vacation from the last week of June to the second Sunday of July. Since I went with Jason and Amber, the people I babysat for, not only did I get a free vacation, but I earned three hundred dollars for babysitting. After my return home, I quit Sonic. I still had money, and I still had my babysitting job. Public school would be starting up again soon since Summer Break was over, and I was planning on going back. In early August, I gave my guinea pigs away to a lady who raises and breeds rodents to allow me to focus on school again. Even though I miss them, when I look through pictures or think of when I took care of them, I think of how they’re in a much better place. Perhaps they were the purpose of my getting a job. Taking care of them made me realize that everything in life has a price, no matter what it is, even if it’s yours. Having a real job and working to earn my own money taught me responsibility, along with taking care of the guineas. For once, I stood on my own two feet, and, for once, I was living in reality.

Friday, April 10, 2020

My Personal Job Application Essay Statement Sample

My Personal Job Application Essay Statement SampleI have received several job application essay statements with a particular format, which makes them extremely hard to read and write. My problem is the fact that the first sentence is a lengthy statement with a series of words like the following. However, I have written about four paragraphs because I think this is enough to prove I know the work and have something positive to say about the company.I think some people will just read the first two sentences and therefore jump straight into the work experience paragraph. However, in my opinion, this is not the best way to do it.I will explain this so that you know how I choose to break this paragraph up and how I go through it in my mind before going back to write the resume section. My personal recommendation is to choose the paragraph which has the most information to offer the employer about you and this is the first one.The next one is also probably a paragraph, but this one is actu ally not as long as the first one because it has a shorter phrase you should discuss. The first paragraph of your resume is the best place to start because it makes the eyesight jump to the details about you and what you have done in the past.The fourth paragraph then gives your last minute thoughts about what you want to offer the employer. I believe this should be the very last paragraph and it comes after the first two.Now, the only point that can make this statement longer is if there is an author's name at the beginning. As long as the name of the author is mentioned, this will probably be enough to convince your employer that you are indeed who you claim to be.In summary, the key to writing a job application essay statement sample is to come up with the most positive thoughts about yourself and write in a neat and uncluttered way about what you are good at and what your career goals are. This article explains how I chose to do this and makes writing a job application essay sta tement sample easy.

Wednesday, March 25, 2020

THE BURDENS OF SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS OSCAR WILDES Essays

"THE BURDENS OF SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS: OSCAR WILDE'S "THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST"" The Burdens of Social Obligations Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest is one of his most famous works, as it is a satirical play that's purpose is to ridicule and expose the ridiculousness of Victorian society. While many accepted and followed the Victorian society's rules and moral codes, Wilde was one of the first to question and rebel against them. Using the main characters of the play, Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, Wilde exposes some of the Victorian society's social obligations, and how he feels about them through satirical strategy. Throughout The Importance of Being Earnest , various kinds of social obligations are slyly ridiculed such as the social views on marriage, obligation to attend family gatherings, and especially maintaining a "high moral tone" for one's family and society. The absurdity of these social morals is clearly apparent to modern readers, because of the contrast in societies, but in the Victorian era they are accepted and followed without question, making the importance of Wilde's meaning behind this play all the more important for the time period. For instance, while marriage was highly valued as something a man and woman must do, the monetary value of the marriage far outweighed its capacity for love and partnership. As Algernon says, "I really don't see anything romantic about proposing. It is very romantic to be in love. The very essence of romance is uncertainty. If ever I get married, I'll certainly try to forget the fact." (Algernon, pg. 1745) Algernon is saying that the re is a complete difference in being in love and being married. He even mentions that "The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous." (Algernon, pg. 1739) He is expressing the Victorian view on marriage, which is the obligation to do so, and not the willingness. To Algernon, the moment you agree to marry someone and commit to them forever, you have ruined the entire romance, which is completely backwards and that is exactly what Wilde is trying to emphasize. The idea of arranged marriage goes hand in hand with this, similar to what we saw in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice", and as Lady Bracknell displays in her dissatisfaction with "Ernest" proposing to Gwendolyn. "When you do become engaged to someone, I, or your father, will inform you of the fact. An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasantIt is hardly a matter that she could be allowed to arrange for herself." ( Bracknell , pg. 174 3) Through Lady Bracknell's dialogue, Wilde is exposing the absurdity of arranged marriage, and the unfairness of the matter. On top of this, as Gwendolyn expresses her adoration for the name "Ernest" and exclaims she could not possibly every marry someone whose name wasn't Ernest, Jack uses his alter-identity to make himself favorable to a woman he loves. This is one of the many aspects of Victorian society that Wilde seeks to expose in its unfairness and absurdity. Other obligations of Jack's such as attending his Aunt's dinner's each week and maintaining a "high moral tone" for his ward Cecily are burdensome, and he eventually finds a clever way to escape all of his problems. As Algernon puts it, he is a " bunburyist ", named after his own alter-identity, meaning he has multiple identities that he uses to his advantage to escape these social obligations without seeming impolite. Jack's " bunbury " is his made-up brother, Ernest, who lives in the city and is a trouble maker. Anytime he does not wish to go to his Aunt's dinner, or he wants to escape to the city to have some inappropriate fun, he blames it on Ernest, and becomes Ernest himself. As Jack puts it, "My name is Ernest in town and Jack in the country" (Jack, pg. 1737) He excuses his behavior by explaining, "As a high moral tone can hardly be said to conduce very much to either one's health or one's happiness, in order to get up to town I have always pretended to have a younger brother of the name of Ernest" (Jack, pg.

Friday, March 6, 2020

LinkedIn says the 2011 most overused professional buzzwords in the United States are “creative,” “organizational” and “effective”

LinkedIn says the 2011 most overused professional buzzwords in the United States are â€Å"creative,† â€Å"organizational† and â€Å"effective† On December 13, 2011, LinkedIn released its â€Å"most overused† buzzwords list for 2011.   Here is the list of the top 10, with â€Å"creative† reigning at the top.   When a particular country or countries stood out for overuse of a term, the country name(s) are listed in parentheses: Creative (Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States) Organizational Effective (India) Extensive experience Track record (Singapore) Motivated (Ireland) Innovative Problem solving (Italy) Communication skills Dynamic (France) The good news?   Some people heeded last year’s list and stopped overusing at least some of the following 2010 Overused Buzzwords: Extensive experience Innovative Motivated Results-oriented Dynamic Proven track record Team player Fast-paced Problem solver Entrepreneurial The four exact matches between 2010 and 2011 years are â€Å"motivated,† dynamic, innovative and extensive experience. There are also some near matches with â€Å"problem solving† vs. â€Å"problem solver† and proven track record vs. track record (I personally have tired of all of these terms). I believe job seekers and career professionals have done some good work changing the landscape four of the terms on the list have changed, and all of them have changed rank.    Lets face it:   There will be overused words every year.   I’m just glad to see we’re learning lessons along the way. How Creative are You? This year’s primary lesson:   Don’t say you are â€Å"creative† – demonstrate your creativity!   Design and upload a PowerPoint presentation to SlideShare and post it to your LinkedIn profile.   Give examples of marketing strategies you devised.   Include your artistic portfolio in your profile.   And don’t use the same words everyone else is using!   We now know that asserting you are â€Å"creative† is a sure way to prove that you are not. Met or Exceeded Organizational Goals? â€Å"Organizational† is a bit tougher.   How do you say you met organizational goals without saying you met organizational goals?   One thing to keep in mind is that of course you are going to strive for and meet organizational goals!   What other goals would you possibly want to report?   I admit I will be a little sad to let this term go, but I see the point of finding alternatives.   â€Å"Meet targeted goals† would be just as effective (oh did I say â€Å"effective†?   Send me to India where I’ll be in good company!)   Or perhaps a chart of goals vs. accomplishments would obviate the need for the term organizational.   I predict that next year â€Å"goal(s)† and â€Å"target(s)† will top this list. Devise an Effective Strategy Lately? Thankfully there are a multitude of ways to convey the concept of â€Å"effective.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Successful† is the clearest alternative, followed by â€Å"winning,† â€Å"profitable,† â€Å"lucrative,† â€Å"productive,† â€Å"fruitful,† â€Å"targeted† and even â€Å"efficacious† (I don’t love that last one as a resume/profile adjective).   Take your pick or find another way to say what you mean!   (Sometimes you can just leave out the adjective completely, as I did by avoiding â€Å"find another effective way† in that last sentence.) As for extensive experience and track record, these terms are like nails on a blackboard to me.   I see them a lot and make short work of them on my resumes. How many of these top 10 overused words show up in your profile?   Please share below. And   if you want expert assistance to craft a LinkedIn profile that stands out in a sea of 135 million LinkedIn users, contact The Essay Expert through our Web Form or at 608-467-0067. Like this article?   You might also enjoy Ten Buzzwords to Take Off Your LinkedIn Profile Now published by Time Newsfeed. Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinDecember 19, 2011 2 Comments Kent V says: December 20, 2011 at 12:02 pm How did they miss sustainable? A particularly awful one since it has so many connotations: 1) environmentally friendly 2) doing something positive that sticks 3) keeping the business alive 4) not hogging or wasting resources (or not getting caught doing it) 5) from the old green revolution, when green meant crop based, not clean: using local, renewable stuff, rather than paying a big company for a remedy 6) an admirable word to put in the annual report or PR release to mean you operate responsibly, whatever that is. and on and on Some years back I would have added leverage as a verb. Too late, it stuck. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: December 20, 2011 at 12:31 pm Thanks for the suggested addition! Im sure this one is overused in certain sectors, though not universally enough to make it onto the list. Maybe this world would be a better place if sustainable were on the top of the list! Log in to Reply

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Navigating through the Life Cycle of Maturity Essay

Navigating through the Life Cycle of Maturity - Essay Example Apparently, the adoption of a direct way of selling their franchises to their customers as opposed to their competitors for instance Compaq who relied on retailers to sell their franchises. Evidently, this served to improve their business since it boosted the customer seller relationship. In addition to that, good management also played a major role in the growth of Dell. On that note, while their competitors such as IBM struggled with management politics, Dell was strategizing on how to improve their business. Secondly, an analysis of Dells declining industry yielded the following. Although, technology buy outs have worked for the Dell competitors, but with the decline in the personal computer market as a result new innovations have contributed to the demise of Dell. Finally, examples of dells strategy over the competition are as follows. The leadership strategy which entails the company striving to become the dominant player in the declining business venture is one method. Secondly, the niche strategy which emphasizes on the pocket demand that are declining gradually as compared to the industry as a whole. Moreover, this entails the flow of funds. Finally, there is the divestment strategy, which consists of the process a company sells the business to other

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Velveteen Rabbit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velveteen Rabbit - Coursework Example The velveteen rabbit dialogue with the skin horse reveals that, this liberation may be a de-alienation tool to members of the society who do not understand who we are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). This reminds us that we should always evaluate our authentic self and what is genuine in our lives since having overall fulfilment in anything else that is not bona fide may not prove futile. The story unravels that our real aesthetic nature blooms from within and it’s key always to focus from within us and perceive other individuals as they are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). The IOM report centralized on how the nurses could offer the patients the best treatment services as possible by exercising their professionalism to serve humanity (Morris, January 01, 2014). This report affirms that the nurses ought to obtain the necessary credentials prior to presuming their duties. It also highlights the importance of unity in medical workplace setups. It also affirms how critical an effective open communication forum is to this setup and how it facilitates effective workflow (Morris, January 01, 2014). This integration in oneness with others is the key emphasis in the velveteen rabbit story. This unity results to harmony and co-existence among employees who build an aura of tranquility that is fundamental to the success of any organization (Morris, January 01, 2014). In Peace and Power: Creative Leadership for Building Community, Peggy Chinn focuses on how employees or members of a certain community can sustain peace, harmony and power in any institution or society for the ultimate success of all the members involved (Chinn, 2013). The author affirms that the best methodology to achieve this is to come up with strategies that involve all members’ full participation so as to accomplish the assigned tasks effectively. It also involves being kind, accommodative and considerate of one another (Chinn, 2013). This unity bonds the author’s intended message to the core values affirmed in the

Monday, January 27, 2020

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study The presenting symptoms for Billy DeWitt were his consecutive infections of sinusitis, otitis media and pneumonia. All of these infections were bacterial in nature and as such they were treated successfully with antibiotics. A further physical examination revealed that the child does not have palantine tonsils. This is considered a symptom as he has not had them removed at any point surgically. This implies that he was born without those particular tonsils, which may be characteristic of what is ailing Billy. The final two symptoms involve the analysis of Billys blood. The tests showed that the blood contained one-fifth what is considered the regular level for immunoglobulins and also that the concentration of B-lymphocytes was down. The blood tests also showed that the functionality of Billys T-lymphocytes was within normal limits. This means that although the some of the immune response is normal, the amount of both immunoglobulins and the B-lymphocytes in the blood serum were low. This suggests that the disease that Billy has seems to be affecting a specific part of his immune response. The inflammatory response is the bodys natural response to tissue damage. The four basic signs for this response are pain, swelling, fever, and lethargy, apathy, and a loss of appetite. There are two stages to pain. First is the acute pain that is caused when you do something such as touch a stove. Its a quick stabbing-like mechanism that tells the brain that you are doing something thats not good and gets you to stop it immediately. The latter type of pain, the type seen with inflamation, is the kind that stays for a long time. It acts as a constant reminder to take better care of the area in order for it to heal Swelling is a defensive process created by the body. The sensory nerves react to what is causing the inflamation and causes the blood vessles to become more permeable (causing redness). This causes the white blood cells to get out to where the problem is and attack any pathogens that are causeing it. Fever is caused by an increase in the hormone prostaglandin E2, which causes the hypothalmus to increase the bodys thermostat.This makes the external temperature feel colder, causing the body to go through invouluntary actions to increase body heat, such as shivering. Also, most bacteria reproduce the most at normal body temperature, so by increasing the temperature of the body, the bacteria divide less often. This is also convenient because at a higher than normal body temperature, immune cells divide faster. The root cause of the lethargy, apathy, and loss of appetite seen in someone responding from inflammation, is their fever. In order to cause a fever, the body must use up 10-13% more body heat than usual, which requires much more energy. In order to balance the energy budget, sacrifices must be made elsewhere, causing the person in which the infection is located to be more lazy and tired, because they lack energy. Inflamation and tissue Healing Sportsinjuryclinic.net. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. Quanted, Patrick. The inflammation Process. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. The body is populated by two types of lymphocytes: B- and T-lymphocytes. Both types of lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymph and are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues. B cells and T cells recognize antigens by means of antigen receptors embedded in their plasma membranes. A single B or T cell bears about 100,000 of these antigen receptors, and all the receptors on a single cell are identical this is, they all recognize the same epitope. In other words, each lymphocyte displays specificity for a particular epitope on an antigen and defends against that antigen or a small set of closely related antigens. T cells and B cells are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific non-self antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. In response to pathogens some T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct the immune response while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that induce the death of pathogen infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the fo rm of memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will remember each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. Harding, CV, and L. Ramachandra. Presenting exogenous antigen to T cells. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Lee, K, et al. In Vivo Tumor Suppression Activity by T cell-specific T-bet Restoration. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health, 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. A person with deficient of B-Cell will have weak immune responses since the B cell are responsible for the primary immune response. This will lead to massive bacterial infection early in life during development. Typically respiratory infections such as pneumonia are usually the first sign of these infections. Others are skin infections; meningitis, bacteremias and abscesses are also common when there is a deficiency in B-Cell. The deficiency of B-Cell usually occurs when the child becomes 7-9 years of age. Tonsillar B-Cell is the primary type of B cell which is produced by the pansil tonsil located in the side of throat. Since Billy lacked the palatine tonsils, the onset of B-Cell problems would therefore occur much early in his life. Issam, Makhoul. Pure B-Cell Disorders. emedicine. Medscape, 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviatedIg) are glycoproteins that are found in blood and other bodily fluids of vertebrates. They are used by the immune system to identify and destroy foreign objects (bacteria and viruses). Plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell produce antibodies. Antibodies have a similar structure but have a small region at the tip of them that allows millions of antibodies with different tip structures and antigen binding sites, to exist. They are Y-shaped with a binding site on each tip of the Y. This region is known as the hypervariable region. There are five classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG are the most important antibody and also the most common. Each antibody can bind to a specific antigen using its tip. An antigen is any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. Antigens can be a foreign substance such as a bacteria, virus, chemical, toxin, or pollen.The large amount of antibodies allow s the immune system to recognize many different antigens and act accordingly. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called anepitope. Epitopes bind with their antibody in a process calledinduced fit. This allows antibodies to identify and bind only to their specific antigen. Antibodies can also destroy targets by binding to a part of apathogenthat it needs to cause aninfection. Antibodies function in different ways designed to eliminate the antigen that caused their production. The binding occurs by noncovalent forces, like between enzymes and their substrate. These bonds include hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic bonds. When a foreign object enters the body for the first time the body can develop symptoms of disease. After the same antigen enters the body again the body develops an immune response to that pathogen. This is the way people avoid certain diseases such as chicken pox more than once. Antigen Presentation. Kimballs Biology Pages. N.p., 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Mayer, Gene. Immunoglobulins Structure and Function. Mircrobiology and Immunology On-line. University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Stevenson, John R. Immunoglobulin Structure and Function. MBI. N.p., 19 Sept. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Ten months is the normal age at which babies are weaned. If this is what happened to Billy, then it explains why he was never infected before. Breastfed babies are protected by their own mothers milk. About 80 percent of the cells in a mothers milk are macrophages, which kill bacteria and viruses in the babys body. Not only that, but the mothers milk also contains antibodies for whatever disease is present in her environment. This protects the babies from many diseases such as pneumonia, staph infections, and ear infections. Weaning Billy from his mothers milk takes away the only protection from his environment that he has, because his body is incapable of fending for itself, and leaves him defenseless, which causes him to constantly get sick. Williams, Rebecca D. Breastfeeding: Best Bet for Babies. Childbirth Solutions, Inc. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. The palatine tonsils, also referred to as tonsils, are a pair of very elastic tissue masses located at the back of the throat, which is the pharynx. Each of these tonsils is made of tissue that is similar to lymph nodes covered in pink mucosa. The palatine tonsils are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system fights off major and minor infections. They are the bodys defense against viruses and bacteria by creating antibodies to destroy the bacteria or virus. Medical researchers have studied that when childrens tonsils are removed, they would not suffer the loss in the future with immunity to diseases or the ability to defend off infections. In humans, tonsils vary in size and swell in response to infections. The tonsils are a common site for infections and when they are inflamed, the condition is known as tonsillitis. The surgical procedure of the removal of the tonsils is known as tonsillectomy. tonsil.Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 10 Feb. 2010 Understanding Tonsillitis the Basics. WebMD. N.p., 25 Nov. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. The fact the Billy had two uncles that died as young children suggests that they have a disease that is linked to the X chromosome. The article says nothing about the childs grandfather having any problems, which means that the disease cannot be on the Y chromosome. The mother is healthy, therefore women are the carriers of the gene and Billys mother passed it onto him. The reason that his mother does not have the disease is because women have two X chromosomes. As long as she has one healthy X chromosome she will not have the disease. The disease that we believe that Billy DeWitt has is X-linked agammaglobulinemia. This disease fits almost all of the symptoms very well. This disease is a genetic disease that is on the X chromosome and it results in the person lacking immunoglobulins because the majority of their B-lymphocytes do not develop properly. This is completely consistent with tests done on the Billys blood serum with his immunoglobulin levels and B-lymphocyte levels both being down. This disease also leaves the T-lymphocytes untouched which matches the results that said the T-lymphocytes in Billys blood were functioning properly. This diagnosis also explains why Billy had bacterial infections as a baby. B-lymphocytes are important in fighting off bacteria and because he did not have as many it makes sense that he would be much more susceptible to those types of diseases. The only thing that is slightly inconsistent is the childs lack of palatine tonsils. Symptoms of this disease include lymph nodes like t he tonsils as being extremely small because they usually house B-lymphocytes, but it does not say that any patients completely lacked palatine tonsils from the disease. It is possible that they were so small that the doctors missed them because they were so small, or it is just a coincidence that they were never there and it did nothing but augment the disease by taking away a possible place of B-lymphocyte creation. This disease cannot be completely cured because it is genetic but the symptoms can be managed. Billy needs to receive a steady supply of a mixture of immunoglobulins and antibodies for many different diseases. This will allow him to maintain his immune system at a higher level and allow him to live a pretty normal life. The only thing that really needs to be avoided is any kind of live viral vaccines. People with X-linked agammaglobulinemia tend to contract the viruses that are meant to be prevented from the vaccines because of their weakened immune systems. International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. Immune Defiency Foundation, 2007. PDF file.